@article { author = {Pourmohammadi, Mohammadreza and Toorani, Ali and Teymoori, Raziyeh and Ahmadi, Ismail and Safdari, Amin}, title = {Evaluation and Ranking of Influencing Factors in Citizen Participation in Urban Management )Case Study: Region 2 of Municipality of Tabriz(}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {1-19}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50549}, abstract = {1. Introduction Today, one of the basic planning in new world is paying attention to the conscious and active participation of people in all aspects of development (Mousavi, 2005, 68). In recent years, in Iran, local communities and participatory planning in urban management has been greatly considered in urban management and citizen participation in municipal affairs become one of the main concerns for urban managers and always has been emphasized on in the scientific, political and administrative fields (Abbaszadeh, 2008, 44). It is also worth noting that the formation of councils and district councils in the country has been existed in order to renew construction of urban management and formation of participatory management structure (Tavakkoliniya and Ostadi sisi, 2009, 30).   2. Theoretical Foundations Participation is the people's intellectual and emotional involvement in groups that motivate them to help each other for achieving the group goals and sharing in the responsibilities. In investigations and theories for the participation, two main approaches can be identified: Micro and macro approaches. At the micro level it is emphasized on motivation, attitudes and participation behavior, and at the macro level issues and conditions and structural elements are considered. Participatory action can be divided into two parts of mental and behavioral. The mental part includes the personal interest and the behavioral part considers volunteer group activities. Max Weber focused on beliefs, attitudes and influences on participation. Humenz recognized the behaviors as a result of calculating profit or loss. Participatory behavior will be institutional when the benefits exceed its costs (Mousayi and Razavi, 2010, 124).   3. Discussion -Assessment of influencing factors on citizen participation in urban management process. In this section, at first using theoretical principles the parameters of influencing citizen participation factors have been extracted, then the respondents have been asked about assessing the indicatorsextracted from the five factors (included personal, spiritual, social, economic and management). Leisure time, with a rating of 13.4 is the most effective; It means citizens who have more leisure timecan be contributed more in the process of urban management. Among the indicators that are related to psychological factors, mental stresses are the most influential indicator (with a score of 3.91). Interviews that performed in this field indicate that this index is considered as a deterrent. The other factor that has been surveyed in this part is the social factor. Among the social indicators, place belonging (with a score of 4.3) is the most influential factor. Studies on the economic factors affecting citizen participation in urban management show that the most effective index is economically profitable (with a score of 4.34). The last case evaluated in this section is related to management that was evaluated by eight indicators, in this context, the effect of all the indicators is confirmed. But the most impact is related to institutional trust (trust between citizens and officials) that is rated at 4.31.   -Ranking the effective factors on citizen participation in urban management. In this section using Topsis model as one of the Multi Criteria Decision Making, the ranking of influencing factors on citizen participation in urban management process has been done. The first step is providing the decision matrix or classified matrices. In this section, this matrix has been made based on indices scores that are related to each factor. The second step in this section is the scaling off the classified matrix that has been implemented with using soft scaling off. Based on this method each component of decision matrix was divided into square sum of the related components column. Third step is weighting for the 5 factors completed based on the 20 specialized experts in municipal affairs. For it, pairwise comparison has been used using expert choice software. The inconsistency rate is 0.03, which is within the acceptable incompatibility range. Next step is determining the scale off matrix derived from the classification matrix multiplication by factors weights. Then, ideal positive and negative responses for each of these factors can be found in Topsis model. Finally, ranking is done according to rate. The above rate is fluctuated as. Where  represents the highest and  showes the lowest rank. According to rate, ranking of the five factors are as follows: social factors is the most effective factor in citizen participation in urban management. Economic, psychological, and management and individual factors are effective in order.   4. Results According to studies, this research has classified the influencing citizen participation factors in urban management into five general groups; individual, psychological, social, economic, and management factors. This also can be argued that the most influential individual indicators are leisure time, having physically health and education in an order. Among the psychological factors, the most influential psychological indicators are stress and public relations and expectency for the future. Among the social factors, the most influential are belonging to the place, the feeling of deprivation and being NGO member. The most influential economic indicators are profitable collaborative activities in order to be economicallystable income and property values. Finally, the most influential factors in the management indicators are, in an order, institutional trust (trust between citizens and officials), community-based approach to city management and the satisfaction of citizen from urban services. The overall ranking for influential factors in citizen participation in urban management process is the social factors in the first rank, economic factors are in second rank, and then psychological factors, and management factors and individual factors are in third, fourth and fifth rank, respectively.   5. Suggestions According to the research studies and findings, in order to increase citizen participation in urban management, the following suggestions can be offered: - efficient use of leisure time by the city managers. - strengthening the factors of place belonging in neighborhoods. - optimal preparation of the facilities and required applications in areas that can reduce the sense of deprivation. - reduction in stresses related to urban management. - strengthening a culture of hope and positive look for the future. - strengthening quality and quantity of NGOs with extension of public spaces and elements of urban society. - justifying the economic, social and environmental programs and urban plans. -strengthening the public trust for city managers.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر مشارکت شهروندان در فرایند مدیریت شهری (مطالعۀ موردی: منطقۀ 2 شهرداری تبریز)}, abstract_fa = {رشد فزایندۀ ابعاد شهرنشینی و پیچیدگی ماهیت مسائل شهری موجب شده که تأکید و توجه مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان بیش از هر زمان دیگر به سطوح پایین‌تر و ابعاد ملموس زندگی شهروندان معطوف گردد. از‌این‌رو، امروزه مشارکت مردم در فرایند مدیریت شهری به‌شدت در مرکز توجه قرار گرفته است. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر درصدد است با روشی توصیفی- تحلیلی و بر مبنای مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی به ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر مشارکت شهروندان در فرایند مدیریت شهری منطقۀ دو شهرداری تبریز بپردازد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که عوامل متعددی بر مشارکت شهروندان در فرایند مدیریت شهری تأثیرگذارند. در این تحقیق 37 مورد در قالب پنج عامل فردی، روحی- روانی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و مدیریتی دسته‌بندی شده‌اند. ارزیابی‌های به‌عمل‌آمده نشان می‌دهد که در بین عوامل فردی بیشترین تأثیرگذاری مربوط به داشتن اوقات فراغت است. در بین عوامل روحی- روانی تأثیرگذارترین عامل میزان استرس و فشارهای روحی و روانی است. در بین عوامل اجتماعی، تعلق مکانی، در بین عوامل اقتصادی سودمند بودن فعالیت مشارکتی و در بین عوامل مدیریتی، اعتماد نهادی تأثیرگذارترین موارد است. رتبه‌بندی نهایی عوامل نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین تأثیرگذاری مربوط به عوامل اجتماعی است و عوامل اقتصادی، روحی- روانی، مدیریتی و فردی در رتبه‌های بعدی جای می‌گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی شهری,تبریز,مدیریت شهری,مشارکت شهروندان}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50549.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50549_01904c5eed8e6d42f255a4d5d74543b6.pdf} } @article { author = {Seifoldini, Faranak and Mansourian, Hossein and Pourahmad, Ahmad and Darvishzadeh, Roshanak}, title = {Spatial- Temporal Dynamics of Iran’s Urban System (1956-2011)}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {21-42}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50550}, abstract = {1. Introduction Since industrial revolution in 18th century, world population has increased exponentially, and it increased from one milliard in 1830 to more than seven milliards in 2013. Furthermore, urban population increased more rapidly than rural population, and it reached from 14 percent in 1900 to 47 in 2005 and to 61 percent in 2013. In fact, rural population growth has stopped. It is expected that all future population growth will happen in urban areas and especially in urban areas of developing countries. Although urbanization is a global event, this event is very dynamic in Iran. Record breaking urban growth has happened during the last five decades. During the past 55 years, urbanization increased from 31 percent in 1956, to 71 percent in 2011.Number of cities increased from 199 in1956 to 1139 in 2011. In fact, urbanization during the past decades, similar to other developing countries has been increasing, and population growth has happened in urban areas. Despite rapid increase in urban population and number of cities during the past 55 years, urban growth rate has not been the same and differences in urban growth rate have fundamentally changed the hierarchy of the cities. Some cities have experienced a raise in their status in the hierarchy as a result of economic, political, and environmental factors, while some other cities have experienced lower status in the hierarchy. To prevent unbalanced urban hierarchy and its consequent problems, study of urban network, urban hierarchy, type of functions, and their roles are necessary. 2. Methodology This article examined changes in the cities’ hierarchies in Iran, spatial-temporal changes of urban system, using spatial data for the time periods from 1956 to 2015. Cities with population more than 100,000 in 2011 were studied. Changes in the rank of these cities in Iran’s urban hierarchy were examined. Advanced spatial analysis techniques such as Getis-Ord Gi* and Moran dispersion diagram were used to examine the regional differences and changes in the ranks of cities in Iran. 3. Results and Discussion Until 1956, there was a relatively balanced distribution of population among cities. After 1956, fundamental changes in economic base, from agricultural economics to oil revenues, interferences of government in economic planning to the advantage of cities, land reforms, and changes in traditional production led to rapid trend in urbanization, but urban growth rates were not balanced. Urban hierarchy was influenced by different factors such as political, environmental, and technical changes. Exploratory analysis of the changes in the cities’ hierarchy, using Getis-Ord G* shows that during 1956-1966, significant cluster of cities, located in Northwest, had descending rank in urban hierarchy. Government policies had impacts on the majority of these cities in western and northwestern areas and the economy was blooming in the cities. Presence of army in some cities such as Marageh had impacts on their physical development and money was injected indirectly by the governmental institutions to these cities economy. After 1956, a loss of ability to compete with other cities happened and these cities had lower rank in urban growth hierarchy. In 1956- 1966, no significant cluster of cities is observed with an ascending rank. Nevertheless, in Northern region of the country and specially Tehran metropolitan region, majority of cities have a positive z score, but they are not significant. In 1966- 1976, again, there were no significant differences among cities with ascending rank. However, first signs of centralization are observed around Tehran Megapole. In this decade, the only significant cluster with descending rank in Iran urban hierarchy is shifted from northwest to west. These cities are old cities mostly army-oriented and oil-oriented such as Masjed Solayman which were not able to keep their status in the urban hierarchy. In 1976- 1986, rapid urbanization happened in Iran and the first cluster of cities with positive z-score was formed around Tehran megapole. This includes cities that were considered as rural areas before 1956. In 1986-1996, the population who migrated to Tehran province was distributed in its rural areas because of the high values of land and housing. Therefore, after Tehran and Karaj city, Islam Shahr, Ghods, and Pakdasht were rural areas that gained population and were converted into cities. In this period, cities located in Tehran megapolitan region had rapidly ascending status in urban hierarchy. In this decade, a cluster of cities with negative z-score is also observed in southwest of Iran. In 1996- 2006, cities with positive z-scores around Tehran megapole were expanded. But the cluster of cities in border areas in west of the country had descending rank. With the passage of 5 decades of rapid urbanization in Iran, in 2006- 2011, the positive cluster around Tehran megapole has no longer that rapid urbanization, and no negative cluster is observed either. Since 1976, when the Islamic revolution and Iran-Iraq war happened, people migrated from fighting regions to other cities, urban population hierarchy had major changes. Cities in Tehran megapolitan region and its surrounding cities such as Khom and Khazvin had very rapid ascending rank and another cluster of cities had ascending rank in urban hierarchy. This cluster had not only ascending rank, but also expanded its borders to the adjacent provinces. Although, since 2006, with relative decrease in the urban population growth, and reduction in migration, this cluster had no longer that previous speed in growth and was limited to Tehran megapole region. Other cities have shown descending rank in the hierarchy. In western borders, clusters with descending ranks are observed. Totally, during 55 years of study (1956-2011), one can see the formation of center-periphery in urban hierarchy, with Tehran megapolitan region and its surrounding cities forming a cluster with positive z- score, while in other cities, negative move in ranking is observed. Results of the research show that using the ranking indicator in urban hierarchy can solve the problems with other models such as zipf model and can also act as a suitable indicator to examine the changes in ranking based on the urban hierarchy through time. Also, the explorative analysis of spatial data with the assumptions of their relations, and spatial relationships can provide familiarity with the spatial and regional patterns.  }, keywords = {}, title_fa = {پویایی فضایی - زمانی نظام شهری ایران (1390-1335)}, abstract_fa = {در این مقاله پویایی فضایی - زمانی نظام شهری ایران در دورۀ زمانی 90-1335 بررسی می‌شود. نمونۀ تحت مطالعه شهرهای دارای جمعیت بالاتر از 100 هزار نفر در سال 1390 است. شاخص تحرک رتبه برای سنجش تغییر رتبۀ شهرها در سلسله‌مراتب شهری ایران استفاده شد. از تکنیک‌های پیشرفتۀ تحلیل فضایی شامل شاخص  و نمودار پراکندگی موران برای بررسی الگوها و تفاوت‌های منطقه‌ای و تغییر رتبۀ شهرها در سلسله‌مراتب شهری ایران استفاده شد. نتایج مطالعه، تغییرات شدید فضایی - زمانی و شکل‌گیری وضعیت مرکز - پیرامون را در نظام شهری درحال ‌تغییر ایران نشان می‌دهد. به‌طور کلی، در دورۀ 55 سالۀ 90-1335 شاهد شکل‌گیری وضعیت مرکز– پیرامون در سلسله‌مراتب شهری ایران بوده‌ایم که در آن کلان‌شهر تهران و شهرهای پیرامون آن خوشه‌ای از شهرهای با  مثبت را شکل داده‌اند. درحالی‌که دیگر شهرهای کشور همواره و به‌تناوب دارای ارزش شاخص تحرک رتبۀ منفی و به عبارت ساده‌تر، نزول در سلسله‌مراتب شهری ایران بوده‌اند. علاوه‌بر این، نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهد که جابه‌جایی فضایی- زمانی برتری شهری در ایران به‌شدت در ارتباط با فاکتورهای سیاسی و اقتصادی است.}, keywords_fa = {ایران,شاخص تحرک رتبه,شاخص,نظام شهری,نمودار پراکندگی موران}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50550.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50550_babe005e9a898d839e2f4a546b1b9651.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi, Alireza}, title = {Determination of Global Network Connectivity of Tehran's Using GNC Model}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {43-58}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50551}, abstract = {1. Introduction Information modes and the information revolution have created an integrated global economic network. Rapid globalization has been one of the most influential phenomena in the present century. The development of globalization has redefined a key role for cities, particularly applicable to metropolises and large cities. In this era of globalization, cities and metropolises form a global network of activity that is a series of interconnected hubs and nodes. Cities within this global network are represented as nodes connected by flow through space; they have been described as “network-cities” (Castells, 1996). However, in the global urban network, some cities have a focal function that makes them dominant and others are much less important. Within this global network, some world cities command strategic nodes (Friedmann, 1986, Sassen, 1991); while others can be classified as less well-connected or as resistant cities (Short, 2004). In developing countries, metropolitan areas and capital cities have important roles nationally as sub-network nodes. Many researchers have emphasized that in the current era, cities have an important role in terms of determining conditions of human life and people’s quality of life. In this paper, an attempt is made to determine, examine and analyze Global Network Connectivity (GNC) for the metropolis of Tehran. The GNC model used in this study is explained in the methodology section. The available literature relating to Tehran's position in terms of the World Cities’ Network is limited; however, there are some noteworthy analyses. Studies of Beaverstok and et al., (1999), Taylor (2002, 2001, 2004), Harris (2009), Stanley (2003), Short (2004), (2009), Devriendt et al., (2009), Bassens (2009, 2011), Sarrafi et al., (2009) and others have shown that despite descriptions of Tehran as one of the world’s major cities (with a population of 8.5 million), it has yet to be identified as a world or global city in world ranking within the period 2000 - 2010. Short (2004) reported that Tehran is a Black Hole in the network of world cities. Tehran can be regarded as a resistant city because of its ideological standing and its radical principles. Furthermore, Tehran cannot be regarded as a world city because of its resistance to globalization.    2. Methodology Taylor has pointed out that the need for a precise specification of the world city network is obvious. Without this, there can be no detailed study of its operation - its nodes, their connections and how they constitute an integrated whole" (Taylor, 2001). This study is based on documentary, descriptive and analytical methods. The author used the GNC model to determine Tehran’s ranking and connectivity in the global cities’ network based on the data from 315 cities and 100 firms worldwide that were gathered by GaWc. This model was formulated by Peter Taylor (2001) and used in GaWc (Globalization and World Cities Research Network) contributors and researcher's studies and articles from 2001 to 2014. Taylor explained this model in his book entitled "World Cities Network Analysis" that was published in the year 2004. In addition, the networks and cities themselves constitute the networks’ nodes (especially in relation to those cities considered command-and-control-centers) in the Taylor Model. Cities in Taylor’s “GNC model” are connected indirectly through constituent subcomponents. However, in this paper we have used Excel and SPSS for data processing and to get outputs for analysis. Algorithm charts are used to show conclusions. The GNC model is formulated in the formula below:     This model has been used in articles and academic papers to examine cities’ positions on the GNC.   3. Results and Discussion In this paper, we showed rank, global network connectivity, and the real position of Tehran in the world cities’ network. Analysis on the data of firms in the Service value (V) matrix demonstrated that Tehran, by means of its proportion of connectivity scored 0.0019 in gross connectivity. Its GNS was 0.122 and its rank was 203 among 315 world cities. These results show that Tehran is positioned at a distance in terms of global cities’ positioning in the world cities’ network. International and globalized firms and corporations are not concentrated within the geography of Tehran city and many of them are absent from economy and infrastructure of Tehran in the year 2013. Statistics for Tehran are also evaluated for Tehran Elemental Interlock, Gross Connectivity (GNC) and finally global network connectivity to determine the situation of its connectedness in the world cities’ network. The results of those stages are as follows: Tehran had weak connectivity in comparison with other global cities in the world cities’ network. Evaluations for interlock and connectivity of Tehran compared with other global cities by firms showed weak advanced product services. Tehran also had a weak position in relation to the region of the Middle East and in the Islamic region.  Cities such as Dubai, Istanbul, Manama and some other cities in the Arab region had better ranking and position than did Tehran. Tehran ranked 15 out of 22 selected cities for studying in the region of the Middle East. Statistics of population and area of a city alone do not determine its ranking among global cities. Evaluations such as that require much more refined definition. The definition of a global city requires analysis in terms of function, economics and social phenomena as well as demographic data.   4. Conclusion In the years from 2000 to 2013, the main ideas on rank and position of Tehran on the global cities’ network were based on personal or non-statistical calculations. In this study, we used the GNC model to examine and analyze Tehran’s global positioning. Our study showed that Tehran, for the years 2000-2010, was not included in the ranking of global cities and as results show, it did not have a good position in the Middle East or in relation to other Islamic cities. In relation to the problem described above, the following suggestions can be offered: More researches are essential in order to determine the root cause of Tehran's problems on issues of globalization. Tehran needs to adopt some specified policies, diplomacy and strategies pertaining to its global position. Tehran needs to maintain its human and trained resources for use in advanced sectors of the city’s economy. This resource can help Tehran’s positioning in terms of global network ranking. Tehran should invest and support advanced producer services as a command and control function of the city. Those services play the main roles in economic improvement of the city. Finally, Tehran needs to develop transnational strategic planning to obtain a new role and function in the global cities’ network. This matter needs to reform urban democracy, policy, planning, management, improvement environment quality, social condition in the city as a whole.}, keywords = {advanced producer services,global cities network,GNC model,Metropolis,network interlock,TEHRAN}, title_fa = {تعیین رتبه و میزان پیوندِ شبکه‌ایِ جهانیِ تهران با استفاده از مدل «جی. اِن. سی »}, abstract_fa = {این مقاله ضمن طرح مسئلۀ جایگاه تهران در شبکۀ شهری جهانی، مدل «جی. اِن. سی» را معرفی می‌کند. سپس، پیوند شبکه‌ای کلان‌شهر تهران را با استفاده از این مدل تعیین می‌کند. در این‌ راستا، از داده‌های آماری و شاخص حضور 100 شرکت جهانی در 315 شهر استفاده شده است. هدف مقاله، معرفی مدل «جی. ان. سی» و تعیین رتبه و میزان پیوند شبکه‌ای تهران در شبکۀ شهری جهانی و شبکۀ شهری خاورمیانه و به‌ویژه کشورهای اسلامی پیرامون ایران است. مهم‌ترین یافته‌های این پژوهش عبارت‌اند از: 1. تهران از نظر پیوند شبکه‌ای با سهم 0019/0 از کل پیوند و عدد 122/0 از پیوند شبکه‌ای (عدد 1 مؤید پیوند کامل)، رتبۀ‌ 203 را در میان 315 شهر منتخب برای مطالعه در جهان دارد. این رتبه تهران را از ردۀ «شهرهای جهانی» خارج کرده است. 2. تهران با کسب رتبۀ 15 در بین 22 شهر منتخب خاورمیانه و حوزۀ کشورهای اسلامی پیرامون ایران، فاصلۀ عمیقی با شهرهای استانبول (رتبۀ 1) و دوبی (رتبۀ 2) دارد. 3. با وجود کلان‌شهر بودن و جایگاه نخست‌شهریِ تهران در شبکۀ شهری ایران، این شهر تا سال 2010 در ردۀ شهرهای جهانی قرار نگرفته است و این مسئله صحت نتایج برخی از پژوهش‌های پیشین را تأیید می‌کند. نتیجه اینکه، تهران رتبۀ ضعیفی در شبکۀ شهری جهانی داشته است. همچنین، پیوند ضعیفی با شبکۀ‌ شهرهای جهانی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {پیوند شبکه‌ای,خدمات پیشرفته,شبکۀ شهرهای جهانی,کلان‌شهر تهران,مدل «جی. ان. سی»}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50551.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50551_72829de986d77722fc8b62aecb13784d.pdf} } @article { author = {Ziari, Keramatollah and Sheikhi, Abdollah and Bagherattaran, Marziyeh and Kashefidoust, Diman}, title = {Evaluation of Citizens Public Awareness of Citizenship Rights and Urban Rules, Piranshahr City}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {59-77}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50552}, abstract = {1. Introduction Nowadays, ever-growing of urban population and the consequent urban activities in the third world countries particularly in Iran have led to different problems in the cities and urban management and also resulted in difficult and destructive conditions for citizens. It seems that reduction or elimination of these problems require enactment and implementation of correct rules and urban regulations besides familiarity of the citizens with their urban regulations and rules and participation in process of decision making and urban management. In other words, familiarity of the citizens with their rights and urban rules and regulations is necessary; since lack of awareness of these issues in the citizens and urban mangers and consequently administrative and supervisory institutions and deficiency in execution of these regulations lead the city to destruction and chaos. Since these regulations and rules set the relationship between citizens and urban offices and institutes in local and urban level, awareness of this conduct increase the citizens capability in effective participation in urban management and reduction of the urban problems and adds on the role of citizens as active elements in implementation of urban regulations. But gap between public awareness of urban regulations and rules in Iran and the citizens has led to imbalance in polices and plans of urban management. This has caused problems such as paying less attention to awareness of the rules and regulations, lack of up to date rules and laws and more importantly lack of awareness of the citizens and governmental organization and even their representatives on the affairs that encounter the citizens with problems over time. Accordingly, it is necessary to announce the people on their rights and urban rules and regulations by education and conduction of the announcing plans and to measure the level of public awareness in order to improve the condition. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to measure Piranshahr citizens public awareness of urban rules, regulations and rights by content analysis of some regulations and rules in order to reduce problems and deficiencies. 2. Methodology This research has descriptive and analytical methodology. The data have been collected in survey method by closed answer questionnaire in Likert scale. The statistical population has been selected by random sampling method. The population consists of the citizens more than 15 years old in Piranshahr in 2013. For determination of the statistical population sample, Chocrane formula by reliability coefficient of %95 and standard error of %5 has been used and the sample volume measured 378 individuals. In addition, for determination of reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0=0.785 has been obtained and finally the data have been analyzed by SPSS and Excel applications. 3. Dissuasion The public awareness in Piranshahr citizens of their urban right and regulations has been evaluated by using questionnaire in two parts of descriptive and inferential to achieve results: The collected data of descriptive part have been entered into frequency table in order to evaluate citizens’ awareness of citizenship rights components at first in general state. Then, level of public awareness of urban rules (four rules) was measured according to opinions of urban experts and academic experts in urban residency rights. In descriptive part, the level of citizens’ awareness relationship with two components of social status, job and studies has been measured by inferential statistics (Square c2 and Spearman tests) to identify that citizens’ awareness depend on what factors. 4. Results The results showed that Piranshahr citizens’ public awareness of urban rights and urban rules is low. In addition, the aware citizens were those who got familiar with these rules and laws in experiential way and obtained information due to legal involvement with different parts of municipality or due to activity in related jobs. The individuals with higher education had less information and the individuals with academic studies were not optional. In other hand, individuals engaged in urban activities (real state and contractors) with low education were aware of these rules and regulations. It can be said that experience and contact with municipality play an important role in awareness of the citizens. So that, low public awareness, besides some other deficiencies in urban regulations, leads to failure in proper execution of the rules, observing urban rights and supervision on urban development, unsuccessful management and some problems in most of the cities. According to the results of this research and reviewing literature on awareness of urban regulations and rights it can be said that: a) citizens public awareness of these rules and regulations in the urban society is low. b) citizen rights in urban management system has not defined proper position. c) awareness of urban rules and rights provides context for following citizenship rights in one hand and it has provided context for execution of urban management problems by awareness and familiarity with citizen duties.}, keywords = {Citizens,Piranshahr,Public Awareness,urban rights,urban rules}, title_fa = {ارزیابی میزان آگاهی‌های عمومی شهروندان پیرانشهر از حقوق شهروندی و قوانین شهری}, abstract_fa = {نظام حقوقی شهر زمانی می‌تواند کارآمد باشد که شهروندان از حقوق شهروندی و قوانین شهری آگاهی داشته باشند. زیرا این آگاهی موجب می‌شود مشارکت شهروندان در کارهای شهری از پایداری، استمرار و مسئولیت‌پذیری بیشتری برخوردار شود و زمینۀ انجام هر چه بهتر مدیریت امور شهری و کاهش معضلات آن را ایجاد گردد و مدیریت شهری در دستیابی به شهری پایدار و مطلوب یاری گردد. در همین راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف سنجش میزان آگاهی عمومی شهروندان پیرانشهر از حقوق شهروندی و قوانین شهری و با تحلیل محتوایی گزیده‌ای از قوانین و مقررات، با استفاده از مطالعات میدانی به سنجش میزان آگاهی شهروندان این شهر پرداخته است. روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی- تحلیلی است و روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها نیز متکی بر اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و برداشت‌های میدانی با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه بوده است و در تحلیل پرسش‌نامه‌ها از نرم‌افزار Spss بهره گرفته شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن‌ است که میزان آگاهی جامعۀ آماری پیرانشهر در زمینۀ حقوق شهروندی و قوانین شهری در سطح پایینی است و شاخص مذکور (آگاهی) با شغل افراد ارتباط معناداری دارد، اما تحصیلات دانشگاهی افراد  بر این شاخص تأثیر خاصی نداشته است. مجموعۀ این عوامل نشانگر آن است که بیشتر افراد آگاه به‌صورت تجربی و در جریان درگیری‌های حقوقی با بخش‌های مختلف شهرداری، یا در اثر فعالیت در مشاغل مرتبط با امور شهری، آگاهی لازم را به‌دست آورده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {آگاهی عمومی,پیرانشهر,حقوق شهروندی,شهروندان,قوانین شهری}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50552.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50552_ec817b766537f5818833d7257e0b5952.pdf} } @article { author = {Shamsipour, Aliakbar and Salmanian, Farzad and Azizi, Ghasem}, title = {Modeling and Analysis on Effects of Transportation Network Surface Covers on Urban Open Spaces Temperature, Realization Design and Results of Soheil Project}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {79-96}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50553}, abstract = {1. Introduction Urban microclimatic conditions have a very serious impact on the energy consumption of buildings, outdoor comfort conditions and pollutants concentration. Urban heat island phenomenon in combination with global climatic change deteriorate the microclimatic conditions that are characterized by increased ambient temperatures, longer duration of hot spells and more frequent heat waves )Santamouris, 2007, 2011). Various studies performed have shown that urban heat island may increase the cooling energy demand of urban buildings between 20 and 100% (Hassid et al., 2000; Santamouris et al., 2001; Papadopoulos et al., 2001; Kolokotroni et al., 2009; Ihara et al., 2009 ). Mitigation techniques are aiming to counterbalance the heat island phenomenon by the intensive usage of green spaces. Applications of highly reflective materials, decrease of the anthropogenic heat, solar control of open spaces, use of environmental heat sinks and increase of the wind flow in the canopy layer, and more importantly than these cases using cool paving materials in paths and roads. This paper presents a study by the goal of investigating the influence of urban transportation network covers and paved surfaces on microclimatic conditions using  common brick, cement concrete, and asphalt (with basalt) materials. The first case is applied in paving of the pavement tradition cities of Iran and two other cases are applied in paving of the pavement modern cities of Iran. The purpose of this research is presenting the performance of three materials used as paving materials in urban network pavement and investigating their impacts on reduction or increase of the arrogance heat island phenomenon and on the peak ambient temperature during a typical summer day. This try to improve outdoor comfort conditions of urban space, as the result of a real project in Tehran (Iran), in order to recommend the best paving materials. 2. Methodology In this study, to investigate the effects of surface coating on the temperature and on wider scale urban spaces, the following stages have been carried out. The first, texture design of site based on the requirements specification and the field space divided by type of land uses, the second, collection of the atmospheric raw data from Mehrabad weather station, corresponding to July as the hottest month in Tehran. The third gathering the specifications of Asphalt, Concrete, Cement and solid bricks, and entering details of each one in configuration editor of Envi-met. Forth, designing the site in Eddi program in Envi-met, to defines type of material (asphalt, cement concrete, and solid brick), land cover of the site on the net, program of soil model on three separate models for simulation. Fifth, definition and locating 7 virtual receptor on the site in Envi-met as reference points in recording and receiving atmosphere data during simulation process to statistical analysis and numerical simulation (quality of site selection of receptors show all changes of temperature for each of the models). ENVI-met is a three-dimensional microclimate model designed to simulate the surface-plant-air interactions in urban environment with a typical resolution of 0.5 to 10 m in space and a typical time frame of 24 to 48 hours with a time step of 10 sec at maximum. This resolution allows analysis of small-scale interactions between individual buildings, surfaces and plants. Typical areas of application are Urban Climatology, Architecture, Building Design or Environmental Planning, just to name a few. The energy budget is calculated at the ground surface. The results are the surface temperature and humidity as well as the fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The ground surface and the walls are used as boundary conditions for the atmospheric model (ground surface and walls) and for the soil model (ground surface).The temperature of the walls and the roofs is calculated for each grid point with respect to surface orientation, albedo and heat exchange with the temperature inside the building. The heat exchange between the building walls/roof and the atmosphere can be calculated using the wind field, the surface temperature and the local turbulence. 3. Results and Discussion This research has showed that the use of brick (made of clayey) paving material contributes to the reduction of the peak ambient temperature (potential temperature) during a typical summer day up to 2◦C and 0.5◦C compared with asphalt (with basalt) cement concrete paving materials, respectively. At the same time, the surface temperature in the site was decreased by 10◦C in brick paving material compared with asphalt (with basalt) paving material and 4◦C in comparison with cement concrete paving material, while comfort conditions have been improved considerably in the assessment with Comfort index. 4. Conclusion Heat island increases temperature in urban areas, increases the energy consumption for cooling purposes and affects the global environmental quality of cities. The use of advanced mitigation techniques highly contributes to decrease temperatures and improve comfort in open urban areas. Autochthonous and tradition cool paving materials, e.g., brick, presenting a high solar reflectivity and emissivity have been proposed as an effective mitigation technique when applied to open spaces against asphalt (with basalt) and cement concrete materials. Although many experimental data are available to evaluate the performance of brick material in isolated buildings, very limited information is available concerning the mitigation potential of the brick material when applied in open urban areas. The results of the specific climatic conditions in the three-dimensional microclimate model ENVI-met of site fabric have showed that the extensive application of brick pavements, under the specific climatic conditions, may reduce the peak daily ambient temperature during a typical summer day up to 1.5 ◦с while surface temperatures were reduced up to 10◦C against cement concrete and asphalt pavements. In parallel, calculations of the thermal comfort conditions in the site fabric space have shown that brick crossings improve considerably comfort conditions. In particular, under strong wind conditions, advection phenomena may dominate and the impact of local convection and radiation phenomena will be diminished. In addition, for lower levels of the ambient temperature and solar radiation, the summer contribution of brick paving material is expected to be reduced. Finally, the use of brick paving materials is not expected to decrease the ambient temperature during the winter period. The overall analysis has shown that the use of brick crossings is an efficient strategy in order to reduce the intensity of heat island in urban areas and to improve the global environmental quality of open areas. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of brick paving materials is a very efficient mitigation technique to improve thermal conditions in urban areas of Iran. }, keywords = {Envi-met model,heat island,microclimate simulations,TEHRAN,thermal comfort conditions}, title_fa = {مدل‌سازی و آنالیز اثر پوشش سطوح معابر بر دمای فضاهای باز شهری تفهم طراحی و نتایج از پروژۀ سهیل}, abstract_fa = {مطالعۀ حاضر به ارزیابی آثار سه مادۀ آسفالت، بتن سیمانی و آجر توپر در کف‌سازی سطوح معابر شهری بر شرایط میکرو اقلیم فضاهای فعالیت به‌ویژه دمای محیطی حاکم بر آنها اختصاص دارد. هدف بهبود شرایط آسایش حرارتی و کاهش شدت جزیرۀ گرمایی در ملاحظات منطقه‌ای است. تحقیق روی سایت سهیل واقع در شهر تهران با سنجش آثار مواد به‌کارگرفته‌شده در پوشش معابر آن از روش شبیه‌سازی در مدل سه‌بعدی ENVI_met® و در تیرماه انجام گرفته است. نتایج مدل‌سازی و شبیه‌سازی مؤلفه‌های دمایی ناشی از تغییر نوع پوشش شبکۀ معابر در پارامترهای دمای پتانسیل و دمای تابشی در فضای سایت مقایسه شد. این مقایسه نشان داد که استفاده از آجر به عنوان کف‌پوش سرد سنتی در پوشش معابر شهری به‌ویژه در اقالیم خشک ایران در مقایسه با پوشش‌های مدرن و پرکاربردی مانند آسفالت و بتن سیمانی کمک چشمگیری به کاهش اوج دمای محیط در طول روز تا بیش ازс◦5/1 و کاهش دمای سطحی معابر تا с◦10 می‌کند. درحالی‌که شرایط آسایش در حد قابل ملاحظه‌ای در بافت شبکۀ معابر آجری نسبت به دو سطح دیگر بهبود یافته است. همچنین آنالیز اختلاف دمای روزانه و شیب تغییرات در مقایسه با سه ماده نشان داد که اوج اختلاف دما بین آنها در ساعات 10صبح تا 17 بعدازظهر رخ می‌دهد و پس از ساعت 18 مقدار شیب تغییرات برای تمام پوشش‌ها اندک و دارای ارزش یکسانی است. به‌طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از کف‌پوش‌های سرد سنتی مانند آجر توپر بر شبکۀ معابر و سایت‌های پیاده آثار قابل ملاحظه‌ای بر بهبود شرایط آسایش حرارتی در فضاهای باز شهری در مقابل مواد متداول امروزی خواهد داشت. این نتایج لزوم کاربرد رویکرد علمی بر جزئیات سبک و الگوی شهرسازی و معماری سنتی ایران را دوچندان می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {آسایش حرارتی,تهران,جزیرۀ گرمایی,شبیه‌سازی خرد اقلیم,مدل ENVI_met}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50553.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50553_882f0945e0924cf6f85fda3cc071ebb8.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghanbari, Abolfazl and Salaki, Mohamadali and Ranjbarnia, Behzad}, title = {An Optimum Location of Public Parking in the C.B.D of Iran Cities (Case Study: Central Business District of Tabriz City)}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {97-113}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50554}, abstract = {1. Introduction When created, new services need spending considerable costs. Therefore, recognition of the best optimum sites for these kinds of centers so that all citizens benefit from its services is much important. In terms of urban planning, parking demand increase is diagnosed as a result of increased demand for vehicle travel. Hence, distribution of urban land uses will determine parking distribution demand where travel demand occurs. Public parking as one of the most important parts of transportation system play prominent role in reducing traffic load. Optimum site selection for parking spaces not only increases its efficiency, but also causes reduction of marginal vehicle parks and, therefore, it causes traffic fluency and wider streets. By the increase of population and expansion of Tabriz city and also an increase in the number automobiles especially in 2001 on one hand and the lack of attention to the subject of parking along expanding road network in urban transportation on the other hand have caused many intensive traffic problems for citizens. Existence of many historical monuments such as traditional bazaar, Alishah Ark, Edifice of Tabriz municipality, Historic bath of Nobar, Mashrute Edifice, Main Mosque, Imam Khomeini Feast and also some other historic, religious, political-official centers in central tissue of Tabriz city has also made researchers to determine appropriate sites for establishing parking lots by using integration of various methods. 2. Materials and Methods This is an applied research with the main approach of Descriptive-Analytical. The tool that has been used for modeling and analysis is GIS software. In order to rule out limited areas for establishing public parking, a model should be used that assign zero value to those limited areas. Therefore Boolean logic was used thorough integration of limitations and then final map of limited areas was extracted. Subsequently and after omitting limited areas, appropriate sites were selected by integrating three techniques of AHP, FUZZY and TOPSIS and overlapping desired layers. In this regard, Expert choice software for weighting in AHP model and also Excel software in order for calculating were used. Finally, Arc GIS 9.3 software was used for analysis and overlapping of layers. The included criteria at this study are distance to travel centers, crossing traffic, appropriate sites for establishing parking, and land value. 3. Discussion 3.1. Using Boolean logic By using this logic limited areas such as traditional bazaar and so on were omitted. Given the resulted map, it is observed that blue colored sites are identified as limited areas that establishment of parking is not recommended in these areas. 3.2. Integration of AHP model and Fuzzy TOPSIS At this research, Triangular Fuzzy numbers were used in Fuzzy TOPSIS. After calculating and converting variables to triangular numbers, these numbers were multiplied by AHP weights for achieving fuzzy weights. The resulted AHP weights for each of the criteria include: Land use consistency has a weighting of 0.168, Land value 0.094, Crossing traffic 0.18 and finally distance to travel centers has a weighting of 0.558.The resulted weights were multiplied by triangular numbers including 5 matrixes (Fully consistent, relatively consistent, middle, relatively inconsistent, and fully inconsistent). After formation of decision matrix by using fuzzy numeral components, the distance of each criteria of parking site selection from positive Ideal and negative ideal was calculated using TOPSIS technique. Thus, for each criterion, the distance information layers from positive and negative ideal were created. Then, by combination of positive and negative ideal layers to each other in GIS environment, the output was a final layer according to which ultimate options were prioritized was done. 4. Conclusion Currently site selection of parking is done by using old methods. The methods do not have capability in the use of all effective factors anonymously and are much time consuming. These are the main deficits of old methods and these problems cause deficiency in established parking structures. In order to get far from mentioned deficits, the appropriate methods should be recommended and then be replaced. In this regard final objective of this research is presentation of an appropriate model for the optimum site selection of public parking in historical and business center of Tabriz city. Generally, each selected point at the study area will be in suitable condition in two levels in terms of access to main road networks and reduction of traffic load resulted by parking establishment. These points are in high-traffic areas, because selected areas are highly centralized by various trades and official land uses. According to the implications of the above statement, the following cases should be considered as final results: 1. Given the integrated use of fuzzy and classic decision-making methods in the procedure of site selection, more flexible condition has been made and finally the best result was observed. 2. In the process of parking site selection, the distance between parking and travel center is an important factor; therefore, it should be noticed at various points of study area where there are highly density and necessity of establishing parking, some appropriate sites should be selected to establish parking. 3. Results depend mostly on the condition of study area and various methods of site selection. Thus, various methods may present different results in different areas and regions. Therefore, the best method always considers situations and limitations and then presents the best strategy.}, keywords = {Public Parking,Fuzzy,Historical and Business Center of Tabriz City}, title_fa = {مکان‌یابی بهینۀ پارکینگ‏های عمومی در C.B.D شهرهای ایران (نمونۀ موردی: مرکز تجاری تاریخی شهر تبریز)}, abstract_fa = {ساختار سنتی شهرسازی ایران موجب شده است که در بیشتر شهرها، بازارها و مراکز تجاری شهری در بافت‏های مرکزی و تاریخی شهرها بنا شوند و به همین علت این بخش‏ها همواره با مشکلات ترافیکی‏ دست‌به‌گریبان بوده‌اند. در این راستا، روان‏تر کردن ترافیک با حذف پارک‏های حاشیه‏ای و ایجاد پارکینگ‏های جدید از مهم‌ترین راهکارها به‌حساب می‏آید. یکی از مهم‏ترین ابزارهای مدیران شهری برای انتخاب بهترین مکان برای احداث انواع کاربری‏ها، به‌ویژه پارکینگ‌های شهری، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی است. در تحقیق حاضر، نخست با استفاده از نظر کارشناسان و متخصصان معیارهای مناسب برای احداث پارکینگ‏های عمومی در بخش مرکزی شهر تبریز تعیین شده است. در این راستا چهار معیار نزدیکی به مراکز جاذب سفر، میزان دسترسی به شبکۀ معابر، ارزش زمین و سازگاری کاربری اراضی انتخاب شده است. در مرحلۀ انتخاب مدل به دلیل قرارگیری بخش تجاری در منطقۀ تاریخی و محدودۀ میراث فرهنگی، با استفاده از منطق بولین محدوده‏های مکانی برای احداث پارکینگ مشخص شد. سپس با بهره گیری از تلفیق مدل‏های AHP،FUZZY  وTOPSIS  هم‌پوشانی لایه‏ها در نرم افزارARC GIS 9.3  انجام گرفت. در نهایت، پهنه های مناسب برای احداث پارکینگ‌های عمومی مشخص شد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد که مدل‏ها و ابزار استفاده شده به همراه روش پژوهش، با در نظر گرفتن جوانب و شرایط مختلف منطقۀ تحت مطالعه، مناسب‏ترین سایت‏ها را برای احداث پارکینگ شناسایی کرده است؛ به‌طوری که این مکان‏ها در نزدیک‎‏ترین بخش‏های ممکن به بازار تبریز مکان‏یابی شدند. نتیجۀ به‏‌دست‌آمده تبیین‌کنندۀ مناسب بودن روش‏ها، تکنیک‎ها و ابزارهای استفاده‌شده در پژوهش‌ است.}, keywords_fa = {پارکینگ‏های عمومی,مرکز تجاری- تاریخی تبریز,Fuzzy,TOPSIS}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50554.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50554_132a7c6ef7af95dca3ab4be699772cf2.pdf} } @article { author = {Moshksar, Parisa and Izady, Hasan and Soltani, Ali and Bazregar, Mohammadreza}, title = {Physical Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Fabrics against Earthquake by RADIUS Method (Case study: Shiraz City, 3rd Municipal District)}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {115-129}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.50555}, abstract = {1. Introduction Iran is being crossed by several major fault lines that cover at least 90% of the country and it is a seismic prone region. The country has been host to a long series of devastating earthquakes that have resulted in heavy casualties and damages. Due to the geographic location of Iran (located on an earthquake belt of Alps- Himalaya) many natural disasters occur annually. The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity, including active folding, faulting, and volcanic eruptions. It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity. During the last several centuries various regions in the country have experienced destructive earthquakes. Not only these earthquakes have killed thousands, but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources. Since 1900, at least 126,000 fatalities have been resulted from earthquakes in Iran. The expansive infrastructures, along with the high population density make cities highly vulnerable to the severe impacts of natural incidents. So, the need for evaluating and visualizing the vulnerability of urban areas becomes a necessity. Shiraz, which is one of the biggest urban areas, is located in the south part of Iran. This city is more than 4000 years old. Shiraz lies in Fars Province, a central area for Persian civilization. Due to exposure to several active faults in and around the city the greatest risk is the risk of earthquakes. The major faults in Shiraz region and its vicinity are Sabzposhan, Kohenjan, Sarvestan and Karehbas. The 1824 earthquake had destroyed parts of the town. The 1860 and 1890 earthquakes had ruined historical buildings of this city; Shiraz was renewed and flourished again. In 1972 there was an earthquake with Magnitude of 6.9 in Ghir and Karzin with a lot of people killed and injured. There were again huge earthquake in Fars Province recently (3 years ago in Lamerd and 2 years ago in Shiraz) in the area. The last advices from Persia state that a severe earthquake has leveled Shiraz with the ground, and 15,000 persons perished in the ruins. So, the study aims to: a) identify vulnerabilities in the 3rd municipal district of Shiraz and the amount of physical damage can be caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4: b) determine the extent of casualties caused by the earthquake.   2. Materials and Methods In order to reduce the vulnerability of Shiraz, before any planning and decision-making, it is necessary to analyze the earthquake damages based on its different conditions before its occurrence for obtaining a clear vision of probable earthquake happening and its potential consequences on the basis of simulating probable earthquake and by vulnerability maps. First step is to identify the vulnerability of urban elements with using existing models and methods. Considering the importance of urban earthquake vulnerability assessment issues in urban planning, this paper estimates the vulnerability of 3rd municipal district of Shiraz by using RADIUS method with a cell size of 1×1 km. This tool is based on three aspects: Seismicity of the area, soil conditions and structural characteristics of the buildings. By using the results of analyses in a scenario based vulnerability evaluation procedure, the priority level of various parts of the district for implementation of preventing measures are obtained. The results are presented in terms of maps of vulnerable places.   3. Results and Discussion Analyses show that this district and the buildings located in this area is highly vulnerable against earthquake. If an earthquake occurs with 7.4 magnitude, over one third of the buildings will be destroyed and about 3,700 people will be died and at least 30,508 people will be injured. In the district, development of the city is not in an orderly and planned way and people have built their houses without following the current regulatory framework that ensures good structural behavior during the occurrence of a severe earthquake. This study shows that the existing organic fabrics, irregular communicational networks and lack of proper urban equipments, make this part of the city vulnerable against earthquake. Absence of disaster management institutions at local and central levels, lack of earthquake mitigation plan and urban development-related legislation besides low level of community preparedness and public awareness have not only intensified the rate of conversion of the city into a hazardous zone but have also resulted in loss of the opportunities to build safer community in newly developed areas. Thus, the results of these evaluations can be used to figure out the management and urban programs needed to reduce injuries and fatalities.             4. Conclusion Many models are presented to analyze and evaluate the seismic vulnerability of cities; and various researches have been done. In those works conducted inside the country the investigated area was not small. Flexibility of the proposed analytical model makes it usable for urban settings, without any limitation. Therefore, in this issue it is better to use RADIUS models, because the applied models should be compatible with the study area conditions. RADIUS model have the advantages. Within the use of this viewpoint to codify earthquake scenarios and estimate probable damages it is possible to have the best perceptions about earthquake and the meter of risks that we are facing with. Furthermore, damage amplitude and the susceptible area in city will be determined. However, this has some defects. Lattice in the RADIUS software is stable and done as an equal square. Creation wrongs are the bound and appropriate Un lattice in the studied area and always this part of information in the borders of area not enter correctly to the software. In the whole RADIUS model due to rapid represention of result in the short period of time, for the area that the exact and complete information is not available it is a suitable model for estimating damages of earthquake.For the current condition in most of the Iranwhere don’t have GIS information it can be a good model for estimation of earthquake damages.}, keywords = {3rd municipal district of Shiraz City,earthquake,RADIUS method,vulnerability}, title_fa = {ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری فیزیکی بافت‌های شهری در برابر زلزله در روش RADIUS (نمونۀ موردی: منطقۀ 3 شهرداری شیراز)}, abstract_fa = {کشور ایران به علت موقعیت جغرافیایی خود (قرارگیری روی کمربند زلزلۀ آلپ - هیمالیا) به‌طور مکرر با وقوع سوانح طبیعی، به‌ویژه زلزله مواجه بوده است. به دلیل شدت یافتن روند گسترش شهرها و تمرکز جمعیت و سرمایه در آنها، اهمیت خطر زلزله در کشور ما بیشتر شده است. شیراز - مهم‌ترین شهر جنوب کشور-  به‌دلیل وجود چندین گسل فعال در اطراف و درون آن، ریسک بالایی در برابر خطر زلزله دارد. شناسایی میزان آسیب‌پذیری اجزا و عناصر شهری با استفاده از مدل‌ها و روش‌های موجود اولین گام در این زمینه است. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری شهرها در برابر زلزله در مباحث مربوط به برنامه‌ریزی شهری، در این مقاله سعی شده است با به‌کارگیری روش RADIUS با استفاده از شاخص‌هایی چون جنس خاک منطقه، فاصله از گسل و... برآورد مناسبی از آسیب‌پذیری منطقۀ 3 شهرداری شیراز در برابر زلزله ارائه شود. بعد از تحلیل‌های انجام گرفته، مشخص گردید که ناحیۀ ذکرشده با در نظر گرفتن این عوامل آسیب‌پذیری زیادی در برابر زلزله دارد. به‌طوری که در صورت وقوع زلزله‌ای با بزرگی 4/7 ریشتر بیش از یک‌سوم بناهای منطقه تخریب خواهد شد و حدود 3700 نفر کشته و 30508 زخمی بر جا خواهد ماند. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد بافت ارگانیک، شبکۀ ارتباطی نامنظم و نبود تجهیزات شهری مناسب، آسیب‌پذیری شهرها را در برابر زلزله افزایش می‌دهد. به این ترتیب، از نتایج این ارزیابی می‌توان در پیش‌بینی برنامه‌های مدیریتی و شهری برای کاهش آسیب‌ها و تلفات استفاده کرد.}, keywords_fa = {آسیب‌پذیری,زلزله,روش RADIUS,منطقۀ 3 شهرداری شیراز}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50555.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_50555_bd33fa0a831cd6dc334e7b5faeab49d6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {English Abstract}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {1-27}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2013.51089}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {چکیده های انگلیسی}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_51089.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_51089_5423df7ad3374001024fcfda8bd0abc8.pdf} }