@article { author = {Ali Akbari, Esmaeil and Akbari, Majid}, title = {Knowledge Based Urban Development; Development of Strategic Map of Tehran Metropolis}, journal = {Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {151-170}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran}, issn = {2383-1456}, eissn = {2423-7779}, doi = {10.22059/jurbangeo.2019.274413.1050}, abstract = {Introduction The world today is increasingly dependent on the growth of technology and knowledge-based economics. In the knowledge age, the reliance on the new generation of knowledge, mainly in a technological and innovative way, has become a tool for adapting to changes and management of challenges. Knowledge-based economies also are in need for growth and development through increased competitiveness in the knowledge and technology sectors. As a result, urban areas, which are the main focal points for the development of knowledge economy, are changed by dynamic processes of economic and spatial restructuring. Knowledge Based Urban Development (KBUD) is a development pattern that seeks to provide competitiveness and sustainability in terms of productive and incremental nature of the urban economic knowledge. Cities, especially metropolises, are the optimal scope for interconnection between the urban knowledge for the purpose of KBUD. This article attempts to formulate a strategic map of knowledge based urban development of Tehran by using the resource-based perspective and strategic thinking.   Methodology This research has a descriptive and analytical method due to the strategic nature of the study and an applied goal. Theoretical data were obtained by documentary method and experimental data using a survey based on Delphi method. A Delphi team has been selected using purposeful sampling. The criteria for selecting experts include theoretical profession, practical experience, willingness and ability to participate in research and access. From 14 to 20 experts participated in the Delphi. According to the above criteria, 20 experts from research centers and universities have been selected to participate in the research. Meta-SWOT and PESTEL analysis have been used to process information and provide KBUD strategies. The methodology of the article is descriptive-analytical and has a practical purpose due to its strategic nature. Theoretical data were collected by documentary and experimental data through the survey. In order to process the data and production of a strategic map, we used the meta-SWOT model and PESTEL analysis. The results show that Tehran's internal resources do not have the same significance in KBUD.   Results and discussion Tehran has a number of sources and internal capabilities that, as compared to other internal resources, are invaluable and irreplaceable in the development and realization of the knowledgeable city. These factors include the science and technology parks, the industrial structure and the establishment of important industries, pioneering in the digital region, KBUD vision, active and expert populations, and elites and creative class. On the contrary, the weakness of research and development in urban issues, economic downturn, and lack of knowledge based economics, poor power of economic competitiveness and natural and environmental hazards are the major barriers and threats. The key role and place of these factors should be accepted by the policy and planning system and explained in the framework of the KBUD policy in order to activate the city's urban economics cycle.   The results of Tehran's strategic plan confirm that research in urban affairs is a valuable, rare, irresistible, and irreplaceable, and strategically suited. This factor contributes to sustainable growth and support the development of KBUD. Attracting foreign investment in urban projects has also a similar degree of urgency in the knowledge-based development of Tehran. From the perspective of competitiveness we have two dimensions (KBUD and sustainable urban development) and the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad are the major cities in the knowledge-based urban development. Since competitive cities are knowledge-based and creative cities, Tehran's competitive power should first be enhanced through the development of knowledge-based industries and creative industries. But in this regard, the production of space and the construction of space structures appropriate to knowledge base development for improving the quality of the urban environment, quality of life and urban habitat conditions can help to achieve the main and practical goals of the city's strategic plan. Obviously, the realization of the main objectives has an undeniable link with the housing policy, quality of urban infrastructure and the production of public spaces (with social function that is effective in attracting creative class). Conclusion The successful transition of the Tehran metropolis to the knowledge-based economy, especially in national and international competition, requires long-term investment in education and innovation and modernization of the city's knowledge-based infrastructure. Outside of the national boundaries, Tehran's metropolis to go among global cities network depends on infrastructure capacity, competitive infrastructure, and structural and political barriers. Urban diplomacy is one of the capacities to facilitate economic integration for the export of knowledge-based products. Urban planning should be criticized in theory and practice in order to accept the propaganda of knowledge development as a driving force for the urban development. City planning should provide the infrastructure for the deployment of services, construction of spaces and the development of knowledge activities in the urban spatial structure. The priorities of spatial deployment and functional requirements for the knowledge-based urban development are including establishing specialized technology poles in authorized zones (Knowledge industries), supporting the establishment of knowledge-based companies in appropriate areas, developing centers of innovation at the regions and neighborhoods level.}, keywords = {Strategic Planning,Strategic Map,Knowledge Based Urban Development,Tehran Metropolis}, title_fa = {توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان؛ تدوین نقشۀ راهبردی کلان‌شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان (KBUD) رهیافت و الگویی از توسعه است که بنیادهای رقابت و پایداری را در ویژگی‌های مولد، زایشی و افزایشی اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان شهر جست‌وجو می‌کند. شهرها و در رأس آن‌ها کلان‌شهرها به دلایل مختلف مکان‌های بهینه‌ای برای تعامل شهر و دانش با هدف توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان هستند. این مقاله با دیدگاه مبتنی بر منابع و تفکر راهبردی در تحلیل منابع و موانع، جایگاه و مزیت رقابتی و ارزیابی تناسب راهبردی منابع را تبیین می‌سازد و نقشۀ راهبردی توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان تهران را تدوین و پیشنهاد می‌کند. روش این مقالۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی است و به‌دلیل داشتن ماهیت راهبردی، دستاورد (هدف) کاربردی دارد. داده‌های نظری به روش اسنادی و داده‌های تجربی به روش پیمایشی تهیه شده‌اند. در پردازش اطلاعات و تدوین نقشۀ راهبردی نیز از مدل Meta-SWOT و تحلیل PESTEL استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد منابع داخلی تهران اهمیت یکسانی در KBUD ندارند. تهران در مقایسه با سایر منابع داخلی قابلیت‌هایی دارد که در توسعۀ دانش‌بنیان شهر باارزش، تقلیدنشدنی، غیرقابل‌جایگزین و دارای تناسب راهبردی هستند و همچنین جایگاه رقابتی تهران در میان سایر کلان‌شهرها و مزیت رقابتی آن در KBUD نشان می‌دهند. این عوامل عبارت‌اند از: پیشتازی دیجیتال، پارک‌های علم و فناوری، ساختار صنعتی، چشم‌انداز دانش‌بنیان و جمعیت فعال و متخصص. در مقابل، ضعف تحقیق و پژوهش، تحریم و رکود اقتصادی، نبود اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان و مخاطرات محیطی هستند که موانع و تهدیدهای اصلی KBUD به‌شمار می‌روند. احتمال وقوع این ضعف‌ها بسیار زیاد است و از نظر درجۀ اضطرار در ردۀ بسیار فوری قرار دارند. منابع و موانع یادشده باید در شالودۀ خط‌مشی KBUD پذیرفته شوند و در تدوین نقشه و پیشنهاد برنامۀ راهبردی تهران به‌عنوان اولویت‌های اقدام یا ضرورت‌های مهار و کنترل تبیین شوند تا چرخۀ اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان شهر را فعال کنند. با این همه، نباید فراموش کرد که گذار به توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان، بدون تغییر و بازنگری در سرچشمه‌های رانتی اقتصاد ملی و رانت فضایی ناشی از فعالیت‌های ساختمانی در درون شهرها بسیار دشوار خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی,توسعۀ شهری دانش‌بنیان,کلان‌شهر تهران,نقشۀ راهبردی}, url = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_72405.html}, eprint = {https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_72405_e3f3d40dba02433397757d279359aac4.pdf} }