per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
1
25
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58118
58118
Research article
بررسی تغییرات فصلی اشتغال جمعیت شهری در ایران
An investigation on seasonal changes of urban population employment in Iran
رعنا شیخ بیگلو
r_shaykh@shirazu.ac.ir
1
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، بخش جغرافیا، دانشگاه شیراز
برنامهریزی برای میزان و نحوۀ توسعۀ آتی بخشهای مختلف اقتصادی و ساختار اشتغال مناطق مختلف کشور، مستلزم تحلیلهای دقیق در زمینۀ روند تحولات بخشهای اقتصادی و ارتباط میان آنهاست. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است که با توجه به اهمیت موضوع اشتغال و مطالعۀ تفاوتهای منطقهای در ساختار آن، تغییرات دورهای اشتغال جمعیت شهری کشور را در 24 دورۀ فصلی از بهار 1384 تا بهار 1390 در بخشهای مختلف اقتصادی بررسی کرده و ضمن ارائۀ تحلیلهای مقایسهای از وضعیت اشتغال استانهای کشور، ارتباط میان اشتغال در بخشهای مختلف اقتصادی را تبیین کرده است. برای تبیین وضعیت اشتغال و ارائۀ سیمایی روشن از روند صعود و نزول هر یک از استانهای کشور در بازۀ زمانی تحت مطالعه، ارزیابی تغییرات اشتغال استانها عمدتاً بهصورت مقایسه با تغییرات حاصلشده در سطح ملی انجام گرفته است. دادههای مورد نیاز تحقیق عمدتاً به شیوۀ کتابخانهای گردآوری شده است. برای تحلیل دادهها از مدل تغییر سهم، آمار توصیفی، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل خوشهای استفاده شده و بر حسب مورد، نمودارهای روند تغییرات شاخص اشتغال در بخشهای اقتصادی و نقشههای توزیع فضایی ارائه شده است. نتیجۀ مطالعه نشان میدهد که ارتباط خاصی بین روند تغییرات اشتغال در بخش کشاورزی با بخش صنعت وجود ندارد، بهگونهای که در بیشتر استانها بین روند تغییرات اشتغال در این دو بخش همبستگی ضعیفی مشاهده میشود. این وضعیت دربارۀ دو بخش صنعت و خدمات متفاوت است؛ بدین صورت که در بیشتر استانها همبستگی بالایی بهصورت معکوس بین روند تغییرات بخشهای صنعت و خدمات وجود دارد. ضریب همبستگی تغییرات اشتغال در دو بخش خدمات و کشاورزی نیز در بیشتر استانها ضعیف یا متوسط با علامت منفی است.
Introduction
Cities are considered as the engines of economic growth and social development; they are also the key nodes of capital accumulation, reinvestment in new sectors, and focal points of the development of specialized services (Daniels, 2004). The employment aspect is easily overlooked in urban development strategies (Van Empel, 2008). The experience of industrialization in developed countries indicates that increase of employment in economic sectors have been one of the important indicators of economic growth (Zarra nejad and Montazer hojjat, 2004). It is necessary to understand the economic structure of citiesin planning in all levels including urban, regional and national, and land use analysis (Farhodi and Mohammadi, 2006). Employment is one of the most important channels through which economic growth can be translated into poverty reduction and less income inequality (Herman and Georgescu, 2012, 407). In this way, the study of workers of triple economic sectors is of great importance; the identification of each sector in the structure of worker population of regions is useful to economic planning for their future development (Ghafari et al., 2011). Regarding the importance of this matter, this paper attempts to study periodic changes of urban population employment in economic parts in 24 seasonal periods since spring 2005 to spring 2011. This study also makes a comparative analysis of employment situation of the provinces of Iran and finally explore the employment relationship among different economic sectors.
Theoretical foundations
Historical structure of economic sectors about employment contributions indicates a decrease in agriculture and industry and an increase in service sector; this evolution has mostly began since 1950 and accelerated in recent decade; so that the employment share of service sector in the economy of developed countries in recent years has been 60-70% in average. Iran has also experienced this event and observed an increase in the employment rate of service sector and a decrease in agriculture and industry (Ghavidel and Azizi, 2008). However, as the result of globalizing economy and expansion of service sector, the employment rate of this sector has been largely developed and the economic structure of developing countries has been changed. The trend of transition of employment from agriculture sector to industry and then to service sector caused more attention to service sector, so that agricultural foundations are decreasing while service foundations are increasing (Mirzaei and Aghajani, 2009).
Employment and its related indicators show population economic quality, so that many savants in development and economic science count the employment indicator as measurable pulse of economic health or stagnation (Ghafari et al., 2011). However, it is necessary to observe indirect employment besides direct employment of different economic sectors (Esfandiari and Tarahomi, 2009). Employment is central to urban poverty reduction and that inclusive social dialogue is a first step in tackling this (Van Empel, 2008, 181).
Methodology
To explore employment situation and give clear view of vicissitudes trends of the provinces during the studied period, the assessment of provinces employment changes has mainly carried out in comparison with the changes in national level. For this purpose, we used the third part of shift-share model to determine the economic situation of a province in comparison to national level. This paper also considers the relations among economic triple sectors. The analyses were done by Shift-share model, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and cluster analysis. The graphs of the trend of employment indicator changes in economic sectors and the maps of spatial distribution of provinces were represented.
Results and Discussion
To clarify economic situation of the provinces of Iran, the shift-share indicator of economic sectors, named C in this study, including agriculture (Ca), industry (Ci) and service (Cs) was calculated for each province in different seasonal periods during 2005-2011. In agriculture sector, in four periods Tehran has had maximum amount of Ca among all provinces. The province of Hormozgan has gotten the highest amount in another three periods. At next stage, each of provinces of Lorestan, Khorasan-e Jonubi, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom and Ardebil have experienced maximum amount of Ca in the two periods. The minimum rate of this indicator has had frequencies in some provinces; so that the minimum value of Ca is to the province of Guilan in the four periods; Tehran in three periods and each of provinces of Khuzestan, Kohkiluye & Boyerahmad, Golestan, Ilam, Khorasan-e Jonubi and Kermanshah have experienced the minimum rate in two periods. In industry sector, the most frequency of maximum amount of Ci has belonged to Hamaden and Hormozgan which got the maximum rate in the three periods in comparison to other provinces. The provinces of Ilam, Khorasan-e Jonubi, Kermanshah and Kordestan have experienced the highest Ci in two periods. The province of Hamadan experienced the maximum rate in three periods and the minimum rate has same frequencies. Each of the provinces of Khorasan-e Jonubi, Ilam, Kohkiluye & Boyerahmad, Kerman, Bushehr, Fars, Kordestan and Sistan & Baluchestan have gotten the minimum amount of Ci in two periods. In service sector, the provinces of Semnan and Kordestan in three periods, and Kohkiluye & Boyerahmad, Hamadan, Azarbayjan-e Sharghi, Kerman and Fars in two periods have gotten the max amount of employment indicator. The min amount of Cs was gained for Kohkiluye & Boyerahmad and Kerman in three periods, and Zanjan, Khorasan-e Jonubi and Ilam in two periods.
The result the correlation coefficient between (Ca) and (Ci) shows that in 14 provinces this correlation is weak and negative; there is medium and negative correlation between (Ca) and (Ci) in 6 provinces; for 9 provinces is weak and positive and finally, for one province is medium and positive. The coefficient of correlation between (Ci) and (Cs) has different condition; so that, in 10 provinces there is strong negative correlation between (Ci) and (Cs), in 16 provinces it is negative and relatively strong, in two provinces this correlation is weak and positive, and in two provinces this is medium and negative. The coefficient of correlation between (Cs) and (Ca) in provinces of Iran are as follows: it is weak and negative in 12 provinces, relatively strong and negative in 4 provinces, medium and negative in 11 provinces, and finally it is weak and positive in three provinces.
Conclusion
The repetition of getting max and min amount of economic indicators specially in same seasons of different years, the continuous increasing and decreasing trends of employment rate of a region in different economic sectors in comparison to national level, the strong positive or negative correlation between employment rate of different economic sectors in some regions, the high changes of domain in employment rate in different seasons, and the spatial distribution of different economic indicators in country are the main issues studied in this paper. It is necessary to consider these issues in economic planning for regions.
To obtain deeper understanding about economic situation of regions in the way of more effective planning of employment and production, following issues would be useful:
- Permanent employment, incomplete employment and informal employment in each of the economic sectors
- The causes and factors affecting growth or decline of the position of regions in each of economic sectors in comparison to national level
- Transfer of human force from one sector to other, and analysis of its causes and effective factors
- Inter-regional and intra-regional transfer of human force in different economic sectors
- The effect of time necessities on the periods of activeness and stagnation of different economic activities
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58118_b7caecac02246cf3b4d00a03d21b659f.pdf
اشتغال
ایران
بخشهای اقتصادی
دورههای فصلی
Economic Sectors
employment
Iran
seasonal periods
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
27
50
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58120
58120
Review article
زیستپذیری شهری: مفهوم، اصول، ابعاد و شاخصها
Urban livability: the concept, principles, aspects and parameters
محمد سلیمانی مهرنجانی
m_soleimani_mehr@yahoo.com
1
سیمین تولایی
simintt@yahoo.com
2
مجتبی رفیعیان
rafiei_m@modares.ac.ir
3
احمد زنگانه
zanganeh45@yahoo.com
4
فروغ خزائی نژاد
kh.foroogh@yahoo.com
5
دانشیار دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران
استاد دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
دانشیار دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
استادیار دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
امروزه، شهرها مکان اصلی کار و زندگی بخش عمدۀ بشر شدهاند، بهطوری که بیش از 50% از جمعیت 7 میلیارد نفری جهان در شهرها زندگی میکنند. از این رو، توجه به کیفیت زندگی، شرایط، امکانات و نیازهای ساکنان شهرها، مسئلهای حیاتی است. نظر به مشکلات متعدد شهرها، رویکردهای مختلفی برای ارتقا و بهبود شرایط زندگی در آنها پیشنهاد و مطرح شده است که زیستپذیری شهری یکی از آنها است. امروزه زیستپذیری در بیشتر کشورهای توسعهیافته به عنوان یک اصل راهنما در چارچوب گفتمان پایداری در سیاستگذاریها و برنامهریزی شهری گسترش پیدا کرده است. این مقاله ضمن معرفی زیستپذیری به عنوان رویکرد غالب در برنامهریزی شهری جهان معاصر؛ خاستگاه نظری، دیدگاههای تأثیرگذار و ادبیات نظری- تجربی، ابعاد و شاخصهای آن را بررسی کرده است. این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف بنیادی- نظری و دادههای آن، به روش کتابخانهای – اسنادی فراهم آمده است. یافتههای مقاله بیانگر این موضوع است که با توجه به شرایط امروز، در بیشتر شهرهای جهان توافق کلی دربارۀ اهمیت و ضرورت شناخت، تحلیل و تبیین زیستپذیری شهری در ابعاد گوناگون وجود دارد؛ اما اجماع نظر دربارۀ تعریف، اصول، معیارها و شاخصهای آن وجود ندارد. مهمترین علت این امر را میتوان در وابستگی مستقیم این مفهوم به شرایط مکانی، زمانی و مهمتر از همه، بستر اجتماعی- اقتصادی و مدیریتی جامعۀ هدف دانست.
Introduction If in the times of the past, not too far ago, cities were such rare and uncommon phenomena, nowadays they have been turned into the main place of work and life of the major part of human beings of the world. This is to the extent that more than half of the nearly 7 billion people of the world are now living in the cities. This increase of population in cities has brought about numerous problems and challenges including crowd, traffic, problems of air pollution and environment, inequality in access to urban services and facilities, deficiency in infrastructures, corrosion and weariness in the neighborhoods and many other problems and issues. That is exactly what has happened in many cities with the issues and are unable to meet a major part of the demands of their citizens. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of life, conditions, facilities, needs and demands of the citizens is a vital issue. Considering numerous problems that most of the cities throughout the world are faced today, a variety of approaches such as the sustainability, the quality of life, intelligent development, urban village, new urbanism and livability have been proposed in order to upgrade and improve the quality of life in these cities. The concept and the approach discussed in the present paper is urban livability as one of the most recent and most comprehensive concept among the approaches. Nowadays, in most developed countries and in a more limited degree, in the developing countries, the concept of urban livability has been developed and received attention as a guiding principle within the framework of the discourse of sustainability in urban policies and planning. Using some of the most recent and most credential scientific references in this field, while introducing livability as the dominant approach in urban planning of the contemporary world, the present paper tries to investigate the theoretical origin, the influential views as well as the theoretical-experimental literature and its aspects and parameters. This research tries to help achieve a better perception and insight of the concept and introduce the new classification in the aspects and parameters being studied. Methodology The present research is fundamental-theoretical in the point of objective. Considering the area of the research about the written literature about the topic of livability, the study has a library-documentary nature and all data and the raw materials of the analysis have been gathered in this way. Then, they have been analyzed and concluded in content analysis method. The tools of gathering data for this studyare note-taking of the texts, documentation, adjusting and interpreting the tables and so on. Results and Discussion The findings of the present research indicate that taking the current condition of most cities of the world into consideration, there is a general agreement concerning the importance and necessity of recognition, analysis and clarification of urban livability in different aspects. However, no consensus has yet been formed regarding the definition, the principles, the parameters and the indices. The most significant reason for this lack of a consensus can be found in direct dependence of this concept on time and place conditions and most important of all on the social, economic and managerial ground of the target community that has been led to differences in this field. Considering the definitions and parameters of livability, there are some aspects on which this research is emphasized. The urban economic aspect is including the financial partnership of the citizens, prosperity of investment, enough and appropriate income of the citizens, variety of job opportunities and the price of land and housing. The aspect of urban services and infrastructure is including status and quality of housing, condition and quality of educational facilities, condition and quality of health and treatment facilities, condition of the facilities of recreation and free time, quality and condition of transportation, access to different infrastructures such as water, electricity, gas, shops and the services of daily needs such as internet and so on. The social aspect is including the parameters such as safety, identity and the sense of belonging to the place, manner and the rate of people interaction. The aspect of urban management is including reliance to the decision of city council and the municipality, cooperation in the decisions made by the city council and the municipality, beautiful passageways and streets in the neighborhood and corrosion of the texture of the neighborhood. The historical aspect, or in other words, the historical perspective is including some parameters such as a beautiful historical building in the neighborhood, municipality and the organization of cultural heritage preservation of the neighborhood, existence of the special historical signs and symbols in the neighborhood. Finally, the environmental aspect is including pollution and cleanliness of the neighborhood, quality, attraction and liveliness of public spaces.With this perspective in the mind, the features that find meaning within the parameters and variables under discussion in this paper and can be realized in a livable location are including suitable and on foot access to different infrastructures and facilities of everyday life needed in everyday life, clean air, suitable and various housing, employment, green space, recreation and parks, restaurants, shops and shopping centers, doctor office and health centers, educational centers and schools, livable and attractive public spaces, various options of transportation and many other similar cases. Conclusion It can be concluded that people and space are the two ends of the boundary of livability. Livability emphasizes on man’s experience of the space and looks at these experiences within the limit of space and time. Therefore, sole reliance on the data gained of space or people will lead to misdirection and will cause it to fall far from the objective of the concept of livability.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58120_21c1fff1bcbcec108b7eb4f9654ddea4.pdf
پایداری
رشدهوشمند
روستاشهری
زیستپذیری
کیفیت زندگی
livability
quality of life
smart growth
Sustainability
urban village
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
51
68
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58121
58121
Research article
تحلیل و بررسی تأثیر بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی بر منظر شهری شهر لاهیجان، بر مبنای ضوابط و مقررات پیشنهادی ساماندهی تابلوهای شهری در ایران با روش تحلیل سوات (SWOT)
Impacts of billboards on Lahijan urban landscape, based on the proposed regulations to organize municipal boards in Iran by SWOT analysis
لیلا صیاد بیدهندی
sayyadl@yahoo.com
1
سارا رسولیان
s_rasoulian@yahoo.com
2
استادیار دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی- دانشگاه پیامنور
مدرس دانشگاه پیامنور
امروزه در ایران و بیشتر نقاط جهان، منظر خیابانها و مراکز فعال شهرها از بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی رنگارنگ و مختلف پوشیده شده است، تا آنجا که برخی از متخصصان این فراوانی و تنوع را نوعی آشفتگی و آلودگی بصری به شمار آوردهاند. در حقیقت، وجود تابلوهای آگهی، بهویژه بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی لازمۀ زندگی شهری است و جلوگیری از آلودگی بصری ناشی از تبلیغات و حاکمیت زیبایی در منظر شهرها نیز ضرورت دارد؛ لازمۀ حاکمیت زیبایی نیز برخورداری از قانون و قواعد مدون است. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی تأثیر بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی بر منظر شهری لاهیجان است و در انجام آن از روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی بهره گرفته شده است. در این پژوهش، ابتدا مفاهیم و تعاریف اولیۀ منظر و تبلیغات بررسی شده است؛ در ادامه، مجموعهای از معیارها و شاخصها در ارتباط با تبلیغات و منظر شهری در قالب جداولی استخراج گردید؛ سپس از طریق مشاهده و جمعآوری اطلاعات، به روش میدانی (مصاحبه، برداشت اطلاعات میدانی و عکسبرداری و استفاده از سرشماریها) شاخصها با وضع موجود مقایسه شدند. پس از آن، نقاط قوت و ضعف موجود در منظر شهر لاهیجان که به دلیل وجود بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی ایجاد شده است، با روش SWOT، بررسی شد. در انتها، این نتیجه حاصل شد که بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی لاهیجان با اینکه در بیشتر موارد استانداردها و شاخصها را رعایت کردهاند، به علت نصب در مکان نامناسب، عدم رعایت استاندارد مشخصات فیزیکی، عدم رعایت استاندارد حریم تابلوهای تبلیغاتی و نورپردازی نامناسب و کمتوجهی به زمینۀ فرهنگی و تاریخی، مطلوبیت بصری لازم را ندارند، در نتیجه ضرورت دارد در این زمینه اصلاحاتی صورت پذیرد. به منظور انجام این اصلاحات، در این پژوهش رویکرد تدوین ضوابط عام کمی و کیفی و ارائۀ الگوها و نمونههای مناسب مطرح و پیشنهادهایی برای طراحی و ساماندهی بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی شهر لاهیجان ارائه شد.
Introduction
View of city is a complex of natural and artificial manifestations like scenes, people, treatments, their activities as the first sight, total historical properties reflection, cultural and economical properties. This is appraised in mind of residents as achievement of human activity together with its essence during the history. All human senses are capable of understanding the city view. City view is not only building faces or obvious materials but they are smells, different natural artificial elements moving or still and totally all the things human can feel; all these factors are effective in the quality of city view. City view is the manifestations and sensible part that visual reflection, practical and understandable shapes.
Nowadays in Iran and many parts of the world, streets landscape and the active centers of the cities are covered by colorful and different advertising billboards. Some of the specialists believe that these frequencies and variations make visual pollution and disturbance. In fact, the existence of billboards especially advertising are required for urban life but it is also necessary to prevent visual pollution resulting from the advertising and also visual beauty of the landscape. Thus, it is needed to study the effects of billboards on city. Although Lahijan is a touristic city where many local billboards occupied the city view. In general view, they are needed to be organized. Therefore, this study is aimed to show the effects of advertising billboards on the city.
Methodology
In this study, we use descriptive- analytic methods. To organize this study, we initially gathered the theatrical framework, indices and related study criteria. Then, by observation and gathering some data in person in the city (interview and field data gathering in the place and photographing of the position-where billboards are placed), we compared the indices and the present conditions.
The mentioned indices are as followed:
1. In aesthetic perspective including color, line, shape, height and position.
2. In functional including presenting goods, advertisement and expressing.
3. In background including connecting to cultural, historical and body background.
4. In stability including the stability of body and stability of society.
Hypothesis of this study are:
1. the most cases of the billboards have not had positive effect on Lahiajan city view.
2. In Lahijan the billboards are not placed according to the rules and standards in most cases. So, they defected the city view.
Based on these hypothesis we used SWOT analysis for strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in view of the city.
Rapoport believes complicity is a feature of pleasant urban environment and the more complicated the environment is the more useful data are increased. Thus, if these billboards prepare the view for visual contradictions and understanding of space, they can be the reason of live and dynamic environment. Now the question is how can we gain the balance between integration and harmony with the chaos in visual disorder and confusion.
Jacobs sees a hidden discipline in disordered streets appearance and says although many streets we face, have a confusing view, activity detail of front face show that life is strong and in the way it is shaped many things. He believes that notice to complicated areas of practical system for harmony and chaos is needed and the needed tactics are the signs that help people see harmony and feel it instead of chaos.
From different theories about the role of billboards in city view, different space quality can be learnt that the billboards presented a work field and the advertisements can improve the city view. These qualities are including variety, belonging color, complicity, hidden harmony, unity, meaning and identity, clearness, liveliness and dynamic. But sometimes too much diversity of billboards in a view cause the loss of harmony and unity, and sometimes harsh billboards color that should give life make the view dynamic, cause the loss of identity and meaning of that place. To avoid this problem and to design them properly, notice to the body background are very important.
Results and Discussion
Finally, the results in this study shows that, although advertising billboards in Lahijan have considered the standards and rules, they do not have a proper visual sight because of their position in the wrong place, disregarding of the physical standard property, disregarding of advertising billboards standard buffer, impropriate lighting and ignoring the cultural and historical background. To fix these problems, this study attempts to classify general quantity and general quality rules and presenting symbols and a pattern in the right place. According to these environmental political advertisement in Lahijan to improve city view, it is close to conservative policies. The authorities should try to use the strength and figure out the threats. As a result of SWOT analysis, totally almost 2% of standard disregarding in Lahijan advertising billboards was found in quantity advertising rules and almost 61.5% of the disregarding in quality city view indexes. In addition, 31.7% of disregarding is related to the rules and standards. As a result, the negative effect of billboards is seen on city view and 68.2% on the rules and standards.
Conclusion
The first theory of the study is not confirmed. According to the mentioned factors in this study and 98 percent of disregarding of the rules, the second theory is not confirmed.
As a conclusion, understanding the analysis of the problem leads to leaving conservative policy in the least and the most strategic structure; as below:
1. Localization of the designs and advertisement and none Iranian samples.
2. Making advertising structures with water proof and strong for wind materials.
3. Studying advertising structures time to time to fix the defective parts.
4. Learning Lahijan background indices of advertising billboards structure to fix the advertising defects in Lahijan.
5. Strength of Lahijan background indices of advertising cultural billboards to fix the advertising defects in Lahijan.
6. Strength of Lahijan background indices of advertising historical billboards to fix the advertising defects in Lahijan.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58121_3870fd01687880924fb0d5ebd6a801e6.pdf
بیلبورد تبلیغاتی
تبلیغات
شهر لاهیجان
منظر شهری
Advertising
billboards
Lahijan
Urban landscape
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
69
88
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58122
58122
Research article
مکانیابی عرصههای مناسب توسعة آتی شهر یاسوج
Site selection of the suitable zones for future expansion of Yasouj City
سیدحجت موسوی
hmousavi15@gmail.com
1
عباسعلی ولی
hmousavi15@yahoo.com
2
ابوالفضل رنجبر
hojjat.mousavi.2006@gmail.com
3
داریوش داستان
hmousavi15@kashanu.ac.ir
4
استادیار ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا و اکوتوریسم، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران
دانشیار گروه علوم مهندسی بیابان، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران
دانشیار گروه علوم مهندسی بیابان، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران
دانشآموختة کارشناسیارشد بیابانزدایی، گروه علوم مهندسی بیابان، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران
تحلیل سازگاری و تعیین تناسب و استعداد زمین برای توسعة کالبدی سکونتگاههای شهری از اقدامات اولیه در برنامهریزیهای فضایی و محیطی است. لذا، در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا با بهرهگیری از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، مناسبترین عرصههای مکانگزینی توسعة آتی شهر یاسوج بر اساس دانش دادهای شناسایی و تعیین شود. دانشدادهای فرایند استفاده و بهکارگیری مقدار عددی هر پارامتر در مکانیابی توسعة فیزیکی بدون استفاده و اعمال نظرات کارشناسی را شامل میشود. بهمنظور دستیابی به اهداف، نخست براساس دانش دادهای و با توجه به ویژگیهای ژئومورفولوژی، اقلیمی، زمینشناسی، هیدرولوژی و انسانی منطقه، 15 پارامتر و 84 کلاس برای بررسی تأثیر فرمها و فرایندهای طبیعی در مکانگزینی آتی شهر یاسوج شناسایی شد که هر پارامتر ارزش عددی ویژهای را به خود اختصاص داده است. پس از محاسبة وزن طبقات براساس مقادیر واقعی هر پارامتر و طراحی مدلهای دانش دادهای، لایههای رستری پارامترها براساس وزن و مدلهای مزبور در محیط نرمافزار ArcGIS با یکدیگر تلفیق، و نقشة پهنهبندی منطقة مطالعاتی بهلحاظ مکانهای مناسب برای توسعة آتی سکونتگاه یاسوج تهیه شد. نتایج نشان میدهد که پهنة بسیار مناسبی که 72/41% (72/8 کیلومترمربع) از مساحت سکونتگاه فعلی را به خود اختصاص داده، امکان افزایشی معادل 45/77 کیلومترمربع را دارد. همچنین، پهنة مناسبی به وسعت معادل 08/16% (36/3 کیلومترمربع) از مساحت سکونتگاه فعلی، با توجه به نقشة مکانگزینی آتی شهر یاسوج، تا 35/36 کیلومترمربع امکان توسعه دارد.
Introduction
Knowledge and evaluation of land suitability and potential for physical development of urban settlement is the initial steps for spatial and environment planning. Physical developments of urban settlements are linked to natural bed and geomorphologic features. Urban development in mountain areas has high sensitivity because of geomorphologic limitations and slope unsustainability. One of the major issues of metropolises is the rapid population growth and physical development. In urban development projects, in the past decades, towns and villages have mostly formed with no regard to the optimal landuse in different directions on the agricultural land, rich plains, mountain, river banks and beaches. Consequences of the development are the degradation of first class lands, good ranges, forests, and abnormal development of settlement. Therefore, zoning and finding the suitable locations is very important for future urban development to avoid horrible environmental, human, social and economic issues.
With different effects of various parameters on the physical development of each habitat, it is very important to identify the most important factors, because in an urban system the most important factors are the determinant parameters of its future development trend. Optimal site selection for physical expansion of urban settlements would not be possible except through a comprehensive evaluation of the effective factors on the basis of systemic view point and design of likely scenarios. In other words, study of the subject on the basis of systemic view and probable scenarios for physical development of city has more acceptable results than the one dimensional studies.
Physical expansion of urban population necessitates the need to provide suitable land for urban development and land suitability assessment. Therefore, this research is an attempt to investigate the effects of forms and natural processes in the physical development of Yasouj City based on knowledge data using Geographic Iinformation System (GIS). Data Knowledge include the use and application of numerical value of each parameter in site selection of physical development without the opinions and preferences of expert.
Study area
Urban settlement of Yasuj is the center and one of the major cities of Kohgiloye and Boyerahmad province. The city has had the high population growth in the recent decades and thus has considerable physical development. Yasuj city, with an area of 265 Km2, is the center of Boyerahmad city and provincial capital of Kohgiloye and Boyerahmad. This city is located at the elevation of 1880 meters and coordinates 51° 41´ longitude and 30° 50´ latitude. From the perspective of climate, the region, with annual rainfall average of 858.1 mm, minimum and maximum of annual temperature average of 9.32 and 26.34°C, maximum and minimum of relative humidity of 32.33% and 50.49%, and wind speed of 4.95 Knot, has a moderate climate to semi-cold climate. Population of the City was 30000, 75000, 96000, and 110000 people, at the 1986, 1991, 2006 and 2011censuses, respectively.
Methodology
After assessment of the study area, according to the geology, geomorphology, hydrology, climate, human characteristics, 5 criteria and 15 sub-criteria were identified for scenarios of physical development in Yasuj urban settlement. Sub-criteria include: slope, aspect, elevation and lithology (geomorphology factor), density and distance from river (flooding factor), density and distance from settlements, landuse (human factor), temperature and precipitation (climate factor), and density and distance from fault (earthquake factor). Sub-criteria layers were produced in ArcGIS 10 software based on topography (1:50000) and Geology (1:100,000) maps and Digital Elevation Model (USGS DEM). Then, data knowledge method was used to explain the effects of natural forms and processes in the future of Yasouj city that each parameter has the specific numerical value. After calculating the class weights and designing the data knowledge models, raster layer of parameters are combined together based on the weight of the mentioned models in ArcGIS software. It was attempted to provide a zonation map of future development of Yasouj city based on data knowledge. Finally, the results of each scenario with the current map of Yasuj were carried out with valid accuracy.
Results and Discussion
According to the parameters properties, 84 classes were designed to achieve the target (Fig. 2). This components have the numeric values with specific different units. For example, units of elevation, temperature, and aspect are meter, ◦C, and rate, respectively. Therefore, the direct application of them in the model is incorrect and impossible. The normalizing methods were used to eliminate the parameter units, and impose the parameters influence based on their actual values. If the maximum and minimum of the class values are the most effective factors on the urban physical development, equations 1 and 2 are used, respectively. The obtained results of normaliziation and calculation of parameter weights are described in Tables 4 to 6.
In the data true value model, weight of sub-parameters is calculated via the sum of weight classes. Also, parameter weights are equal to the sum of sub-parameter weights. The obtained results are as Equations (3) to (7). The final model of data true value is designed as the sum of previous 5 equations, as presented in Equation (8).
Eventually, raster layers of the parameters were combined together in ArcGIS according to the aforementioned models, and zonation maps of Yasuj physical development. The result is as Figure 3 that show the land suitability of urban physical development in Yasuj City.
Conclusion
The results show the very suitable zone for that appropriate 41.72% (8.72 km2) of the current settlement area where can expend to 77.45 km2. Also, the suitable zone that cover 16.08% (3.36 km2) of the current settlement of the study area can develop to 36.35 km2 based on future zonnation map of Yasouj City. Considering the above-mentioned cases, optimal physical development of Yasuj is to the flat sides, south, southwest, west and southeast of the study area.
This study try to present a method for prioritization of the parameters that don’t have these disadvantages. Therefore, the research has examined the location of urban future development in Yasuj city using natural landforms and processes and data true value method by GIS technique. In the method, the parameters numeric value and normalization methods were used to quantify and rank the parameters. This minimize the possibility of expert interests interference. Therefore, the obtained results have the good validity and reliability and are acceptable.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58122_1c5a06521c92ccd91d9d687747edc30b.pdf
تناسب زمین
جغرافیایی
سیستم اطلاعات مکانیابی
فرم و فرایندهای طبیعی
یاسوج
GIS
land suitability
natural form and processes
Site Selection
Yasouj
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
89
116
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58123
58123
Research article
مطالعة تطبیقی دیدگاههای متخصصان و شهروندان در راستای تبدیل محیطهای شهری به فضاهای یاددهندة اجتماعی (مطالعه موردی: همدان)
Comparative study on the opinions of specialists and citizens to transform urban environments into social teaching spaces (Case study: Hamadan)
سلمان وحدت
salmanvahdat@yahoo.com
1
مهرداد کریمی مشاور
mkmoshaver@yahoo.com
2
کارشناسیارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکدة هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلیسینا، همدان، ایران
استادیار معماری دانشکدة هنر ومعماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران
محیط شهری بستری برای شکلگیری بسیاری از ویژگیهای رفتاری است. بهبیانی دیگر، بسیاری از عواطف، عادات، سلایق و حتی طرز نگرشها و نشستوبرخاستها، بهگونههای شگرف از محیط تأثیر میپذیرد. بر این اساس، توجه به محیط و تلاش برای شناخت آن، زمینهساز فهم ریشهای بسیاری از رفتارها و هنجارهایی است که در جامعه شکل میگیرد. با توجه به اینکه یادگیری امری اجتماعی است، میتوان با استفاده از عوامل کالبدی و معنایی موجود در محیطهای شهری بهعنوان بستری برای یاددهندگی و تربیت شهروندی استفاده کرد. بدینمنظور در این پژوهش سعی شده است عوامل و معیارهای یاددهندگی محیط شهری و شاخصهای تربیت شهروندی بر اساس دیدگاههای اندیشمندان در این زمینه شناسایی شود و میزان تأثیر این عوامل در ارتباط با فضاهای شهری همدان بهمنظور تبدیل به فضاهای یاددهندة اجتماعی از دیدگاه متخصصان و شهروندان بررسی شود. بدینمنظور، در پژوهش حاضر از روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی و از شیوههای مرور متون، منابع و اسناد تصویری در بستر مطالعات کتابخانهای، همچنین از روش تحقیق موردی و شیوة تحقیق مشاهده در بستر مطالعات میدانی و از ابزار پرسشنامه بهره گرفته شده است. همچنین، با توجه به اهداف و سؤالهای تحقیق، بهمنظور محاسبه و تحلیل مقدار بارهای عاملی و ضریب همبستگی بین مؤلفهها و شاخصها از نرمافزارهایSpss و Lisrel استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد که فضاهای شهری همدان پتانسیلهای لازم جهت ارتقا به محیطهای یاددهنده را دارد. این فرصتها را شهروندان در عواملی چون نگرش دوستانه به محیطزیست، پیادهمداری، کارکردها و فعالیتهای سالم، متخصصان برنامهریزی شهری در عواملی چون حس تعلق محیطی، فضاهای چندعملکردی آموزشی و رنگ تعلق، و متخصصان علوم تربیتی در عواملی مانند پرسش و کنجکاوی در محیط، برگزاری کارگاههای آموزشی و انجمنهای آموزشی تبیین میکنند.
Introduction
Urban environments, features and physical characteristics, and various symbolic forms can be used in many behavioral characteristics such as attitudes, tastes, habits and the way of insight of influence and many behaviors and norms. These are formed in the the community. In fact, the urban environment as a place where citizens are in touch every day, can be appropriate and have optimal opportunities for learning and exchange of learning and experiences of citizens. This can improve teaching and learning. Hence, the city gives education not only by means of formal and informal educational and cultural institutions, but also through urban planning, environmental planning, urban communication tools, local industry, public and private companies, and the social fabric.
Today, urban environments for social learning and citizenship education as the cultural goals of society are considered by urban planners and managers as a key issue. Given that learning is a social issue, you can use the physical and semantic factors in urban environments as a platform for teachers and education of the citizens. In order to improve the local urban environment for training and learning of citizenship, we have investigated the factors, criteria and indicators of education, environment and citizenship education based on the opinions of experts in the field reconnaissance. The factors associated with urban spaces of Hamadan for social teaching spaces are examined from three perspectives, by citizens, urban planners and education experts. In order to achieve the aims of the research, we used cross-practices review and document image in the context of a literature review and case study methods and practices observed in the context of field studies and research questionnaire. Due to the nature of this study, we tried to answer two issues: (1) assessment of the factors and components of the urban environment with a focus on citizenship education instructor, (2) The correlation effect and learning components of the urban environment and citizenship education for learning from the perspective of citizens, urban planners and experts in education.
Methodology
This is a descriptive and surve research with analytical and structural equation model based on solidarity. Data have been collected by sample questionnaire. The data have been analaysed by using SPSS and Lisrel software to examine research questions. In this study, to investigate the research data, we have the help of four experts in urban planning, space users (citizens), education experts, and direct observation. To choose a listed population groups, we used different range of lightweight multi-stage cluster sampling. The number of respondents were based on a sample of 327 people, including 131 resident of Hamedan, 107 specialist in urban planning and 89 sociology of education.
Results and Discussion
According to the model, there are 3 components and 18 indicators to measure the rate of urban spaces that should study Hamadan teacher features. On the other hand, according to research aims to calculate the factor loadings in urban areas of Hamadan, Hamadan indicators and criteria are evaluated to determine the effects achieved in the city. In this regard, a questionnaire with questions on the impact of the urban environment recalls the characteristics and values of citizenship education in a Likert scale of 1 to 5 (code that denotes very low to very high). With regard to the conceptual model in relation to the civil standard the questionnaire asked from citizens, experts and specialists in urban education about an opinion 6 indices in structural criteria, physical 6 indices and functional criteria, functional 6 indices by questionnaire. The supplemental questionnaire data through structural equation modeling were analyzed to determine the factor loadings and correlation criteria evaluated by software and Lisrel SPSS.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, components learning environments with a focus on citizenship education can be seen in three dimensions of attitude-civil factor, physical structural factors, functional factor and presented 18 indicators. The principles along with the criteria derived from the analysis of theories of different scholars on the urban environment training and citizenship education is as a conceptual model for evaluation of the impact of the urban environment. Among the measures proposed in the research, indices related to the environment, walkability, healthy functions and activities from the perspective of citizens' sense of environmental indicators, educational and color multi-functional spaces belong to the opinions of experts in urban planning. Indicators of questions and curiosity in the environment, workshops and educational forums opinion the most obvious time to learn in the urban areas of Hamadan. The factors stated in the research attitude are the physical with load intensity (0.55) in the opinions of citizens, structural factors as a function of the load intensity (1.19) in the opinions of urban planning experts and attitude as a function of the load intensity (1.39) from the opinions of education professionals. These have the highest correlation coefficient between the other components of the urban spaces in Hamadan. Based on the analysis of the results, insight for different social groups to learn urban space is obvious. Citizens can be instructor on the basis of experience and insight of daily life in urban environments based on the needs and desires and in accordance with the facts about the opportunities and limitations of urban environments . The opinions of experts in urban planning and education is to determine the amount of times more indicators are based on their skills and specialized training. The experts are dealing with the issue of a scientific and systematic mode.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58123_a06b9becbb518061b853ea714a0cd757.pdf
برنامهریزی شهری
شهروندان
فضاهای یاددهندة اجتماعی
محیطهای شهری
همدان
Citizens
social teaching spaces
urban environments
Urban Planning
Hamedan
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
117
134
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58124
58124
Research article
بررسی رابطة بین کیفیت مسکن و سرمایة روانشناختی در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی (مطالعة موردی: محلة یوسفآباد تبریز)
Relationship between housing quality and psychological capital in informal settlements (Case study: Yusufabad neighborhood, Tabriz)
هادی حکیمی
h.hakimi@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
فاطمه زادولی
f.zadvali@yahoo.com
2
شاهرخ زادولی خواجه
sh.zadvali@yahoo.com
3
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
اسکانهای غیررسمی عامل برجسته و غالب در شهرنشینی و تهیة مسکن برای فقرای شهری است. در این بین کیفیت مسکن تأثیر زیادی در این سکونتگاهها دارد. یکی از این عوامل خود فرد و سرمایة روانشناختی اوست که تکتک ساکنان سکونتگاههای غیررسمی را دربرمیگیرد. بنابر اهمیت سرمایههای روانشناختی در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی، هدف این مقاله بررسی رابطة بین کیفیت مسکن و سرمایة روانشناختی در محلة یوسفآباد تبریز است. روش تحقیق به لحاظ هدف کاربردی- توسعهای و به لحاظ ماهیت و روش از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی است. جامعة آماری این تحقیق تمامی افراد بالای 18 سال محلة یوسفآباد است. حجم نمونه بر اساس مدل کوکران 322 نفر برآورد شده است. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادههای این تحقیق نیز از آزمونهای پیرسون و تحلیل مسیر استفاده شده است. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که با توجه به گذراندن بخش عمدهای از عمر افراد در مسکن، همچنین کمبود بعضی امکانات مثل گذران اوقات فراغت مناسب در بین ساکنان، کیفیت مسکن در خودکارآمدی و افزایش کارایی فردی، امیدواری برای رسیدن به اهداف، تابآوری در برابر مشکلات و خوشبینی به آینده نقش مهمی را به خود اختصاص میدهد. نتایج نیز نشان میدهد که سطح معناداری دو دامنه برای همة متغیرهای سرمایة روانشناختی کمتر از 05/0 است. بنابراین، رابطة معناداری بین متغیر کیفیت مسکن با متغیرهای سرمایة روانشناختی وجود دارد. بیشترین ضریب همبستگی پیرسون مربوط به متغیر کیفیت مسکن با متغیر خوشبینی است که برابر با ضریب 511/0 و سطح معناداری 000/0 است. بنابراین، میتوان گفت که بین شاخص کیفیت مسکن با مؤلفههای مربوط به سرمایة روانشناختی همبستگی مثبت و مستقیمی وجود دارد و با افزایش کیفیت مسکن، متغیرهای مربوط به شاخص سرمایة روانشناختی نیز افزایش مییابد.
Introduction
Lack of access to safe and secure housing is one of the main features of urban poverty. Housing is the most important productive asset guaranteeing the credit for livelihood. The price of land has a significant impact on housing supply. The circumstances that led to development of illegal or informal land markets are quantity and quality and availability of the housing guarantee. Housing poverty in urban areas is randomly scattered, primarily in the form of informal settlements. This is one of the most important symbols in the awareness of living in these areas, according to the indicators of housing quality. Informal settlements, including cars and houses without legal identity, are unevenly scattered around cities. Informal settlements are prominent factor in urbanization and housing for the urban poor. Furthermore, housing quality of a resident of informal settlements depends on many factors. One of the factor is the individual condition. This means that each of the residents of the informal settlements can be effective in improving the quality of their housing. The capital that can contain individual residents of informal settlements is a psychological capital. The psychological capital is of great importance in informal settlements. The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship between housing quality and psychological capital in neighborhood Yusufabad of Tabriz.
Methodology
This study in terms of the purpose is application -development and in terms of the nature and method is correlation. The population in this study is all patients over 18 years in neighborhood Yusufabad of Tabriz City. We have used simple random sampling method. The sample size of this study, which is calculated based on Cochran formula, is 322 people. The use of primary data is collected using a questionnaire. The validity of the formal system and its reliability is obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The alpha obtained for 30 preliminary questionnaires, in each of the above range, is 0.7 and shows high internal consistency of the items. To examine the relationship between housing quality and Pearson test, we used psychological capital and to measure the impact of housing quality indicators of psychological capital component of the analysis using structural equation models, we used fitting indices (AMOS).
Results and Discussion
The results indicate that 40% of those people are aged 18 to 28 years old, 14.4 percent are in the age group of 29 to 39 years old, 30.8% of those aged 40 to 50 years old, and only 14.8% of them have over 50 years old. About 38.4 percent of the respondents of the reaserch are men and 61.6% of the respondents are women. About 20 percent of the respondents were illiterate, 28% of the respondents have education in diploma and 21% have a college education and only 7 percent of the respondents had a MA graduate. About 43.8% of the respondents were employed and 56.2% were unemployed. To examine the relationship between housing quality and psychological capital, we used pearson test. This test shows that two-tailed significance level for efficacy variable is less than 0.05. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between housing quality and self-efficacy, Pearson correlation coefficient for efficacy variable is equal to 0.336. Pearson correlation coefficients for the variables of optimism are 0.511.
Conclusion
Psychological capital is one of the new research topics of interest for human resources. Psychological capital, including human capital and social capital, is considered as the intangible assets of an organization unlike tangible assets with lower costs of management and leadership. This can not lead to results and revenue considerably. The psychological capital consists of measurable psychological variables . In this research, we studied the relationship between housing quality indicators in relation to the psychological capital variables. To examine the relationship between housing quality and pearson test, we used psychological capital for each variable of interval type. In this test, independent variables are housing quality and the dependent variable is components of psychological capital. To examine the relationship between housing quality and psychological capital, we used pearson test. This test shows that two-tailed significance level for efficacy variable is less than 0.05. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between housing quality and self-efficacy, pearson correlation coefficient for efficacy variable is equal to 0.336. Pearson correlation coefficients for the variables of optimism are 0.511. The housing quality index is positively correlated with the factors related to psychological capital. This means an increase in housing quality parameters make increases in the variables related to psychological capital index. To measure the impact of housing quality on psychological capital, we alsoused AMOS model. The greatest amount of variance component model of psychological capital of the Self-Efficacy is equal to 78%. The maximum variance for housing quality index for social indicators is 42 persent. In general, it can be concluded that the model (observed variables) are a good fit and it means that the observed variables can be well hidden variables to measure.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58124_c50b73f86c65fd403f23da9bb3ca7caa.pdf
اسکان غیررسمی
سرمایههای روانشناختی
کیفیت مسکن
محلة یوسفآباد تبریز
housing quality
Informal Settlements
Psychological capital
Yusufabad Neighborhood of Tabriz
per
موسسه جغرافیا
پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری
2383-1456
2423-7779
2016-03-20
4
1
135
152
10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.58125
58125
Research article
بررسی وضعیت آگاهی و آموزش شهروندان در استفاده از خدمات الکترونیکی (مقایسة تطبیقی مناطق 1،6 و 8 شهر مشهد)
Investigation about the citizen awareness and education status to implement E-government, Comparative study of the regions 1, 6, 8 of Mashhad Municipality
محمد رحیم رهنما
rahnama@um.ac.ir
1
فاطمه بیگی نصرابادی
beygi.fn@gmail.com
2
لیلا جوهری
le.jo135@gmail.com
3
دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
کارشناسارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
کارشناسارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی میزان استفادۀ شهروندان، سطح آموزش و میزان آگاهی آنها از خدمات الکترونیکی در مناطق 1، 6 و 8 شهر مشهد و مقایسة این مناطق با یکدیگر است. روش تحقیق توصیفی- پیمایشی از نوع کاربردی است. برای جمعآوری دادهها از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. پرسشنامة پژوهش حاوی 41 سؤال در سه محور آموزش، آگاهی و سطح استفاده از خدمات الکترونیکی است. جامعة آماری شامل شهروندان سه منطقه از شهر مشهد است که با توجه به توزیع درآمدی، منطقۀ 1 منطقة برخوردار، منطقة 8 منطقة نیمهبرخوردار و منطقة 6 منطقة کمتر برخوردار انتخاب شد. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان 384 شهروند برآورد شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد سطح آگاهی، آموزش و استفادۀ شهروندان از خدمات الکترونیکی در سه منطقة مطالعه پایینتر از سطح متوسط است. همچنین، مقایسة میانگینهای آموزش، آگاهی و استفاده از خدمات الکترونیکی در سه منطقة مطالعه نشان داد که وضعیت این سه متغیر بین مناطق مختلف متفاوت است و منطقة 1 که از لحاظ سطح درآمدی منطقهای برخوردار است نسبت به دو منطقة دیگر از نظر میزان استفادة شهروندان از خدمات الکترونیکی، سطح آموزشها و آگاهی شهروندان در وضعیت بهتری قراردارد. این سه شاخص در منطقة 8 بهعنوان منطقة نیمهبرخوردار نسبت به منطقة 6 بهعنوان منطقة کمتر برخوردار در وضعیت بهتری قراردارد. در نهایت، این سه شاخص در منطقة 6 بهعنوان منطقة کمتر برخوردار نسبت به دو منطقة دیگر در وضعیت نامطلوبتری است.
Introduction
E-government refers to public use of information technology, especially the internet in order to provide information and services to citizens. Realization of e-government in the country, requires participation of electronic citizens. To implement and promote effective e-government, essential infrastructure should be provided. The importance of e-government becomes clear when the citizens don’t have required awareness of the benefits and process of e-government and services and lack of training in the effective use of these services will result in the failure of the project. This research wants to examine the role of education and awareness of citizens in the implementation of e-government in Mashhad. E-government is the use of information and communication technologies to make changes in the process of governance through more accessible, more efficient, and more responsive management. A comprehensive model of e-government in developing countries is categorized into four dimensions of social, organizational, technological and political. Several studies have emphasized on the importance of social dimension to implement e-government in which the social dimension, education and awareness of citizens for the use of electronic services is regarded in this research .
Methodology
The research is applied by descriptive–survey method. Given the scope of the research, field survey took place in Mashhad, a questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire is researcher-made and contains 41 questions in three domains of education, awareness and use of e-government services. In terms of the research variables, the questions are designed in two categories (Nominal Qualitative - two option and Sequential Qualitative- Likert). Statistic population is all citizens in three regions of Mashhad. The Sampling method is clustering in which three regions based on the income distribution are selected as representative of the whole population. For this purpose, zone 1 are considered as inclusive, zone 8 as mid-inclusive, zone 6 as less-inclusive. Using Morgan table, a sample size of 384 residents is estimated. To analyze the data, SPSS software is used. In this research we have used KMO index and Bartlett test to check the validity of the questions, Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the reliability of the questions, one-sample T-test to examine the current status of variables, multiple sample T-test and one-way ANOVA to compare mean of the societies, and LSD post hoc test to make more accurate comparison of differences between the regions. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire are approved after removing several items.
Results and Discussion
Results of descriptive statistics showed that the average age of respondents was 34 years old and the majority of respondents (39%) were between the ages of 20-30 years. About 65% of the respondents were male and the rest were female. In terms of marital status 53% were married and 47% were unmarried. In terms of education most of the respondents (31%) were Diploma and after that the highest rate of education was related to BA course (28%). About 25% had 1-5 years of work experience and 22% had 15-11 years of the experience. Only 9% of people had high level of expertise, 32 percent were moderate and 46 percent of those have had low skills. Finally, 45% of the respondents were self-employed. Inferential results also showed that citizen’s awareness and training and also use of electronic services in Mashhad was under the average level. In this way, the average of the citizen education variable was 2.83, average of citizen awareness was 2.74 and the average of use of e-services was 2.70. The mean of education, awareness and use of electronic services in the study area showed that the current status of these three variables was different in three clustered areas of the research. Each of the three variables of training and awareness and use of electronic services had the highest rate in zone 1 and then zone 8. The zone 6 in comparison with the other areas had more undesirable situation. Among the regions, only Zone 1 was in average level or slightly above, zone 8 and specially zone 6 were far more than the average.
Conclusion
The results indicated that zone 1 as a high income level is an inclusive region in which level of awareness, education and training and the use of e-services was close to average and more than the two other regions. Zone 8 as a mid-inclusive area in comparison with the inclusive region had unfavorable status but on the other hand it had better situation than the less-inclusive area. The zone 6 as a less inclusive area with low income level in terms of the three variables of awareness, education and the use of electronic services was in a more unfavorable situation than the two other districts. Therefore, it can be concluded that the areas with lower income levels have more unfavorable situation regarding the citizen training, awareness and their use of e-services. Supplementary questions also indicated that people with lower levels of education than those with higher education were more likely to participate in training courses of electronic services. Most of the respondents are between the ages of 20-30 years and have the potential for training, learning and use of e-services as well. The next part of the results indicated that most people with diploma or bachelor degree have higher level of education required to start the training and the possibility to have the willingness and interest to use the e-services. Therefore, with such a situation the availability of the prerequisite to train citizens, to enhance public training courses and also to facilitate the private sector to be active in citizen education in the use of electronic services will lead to increased use of electronic services. This eventually can help build a competent e-city.
https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_58125_101ee899e570be1da298b9a9cba1c87b.pdf
آگاهی شهروندان
آموزش شهروندان
دولت الکترونیکی
شهر مشهد
citizens awareness
citizens education
E-Government
Mashhad