ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های کلیدی عدالت فضایی با تأکید بر مفهوم قدرت انضباطی فوکو مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت

ABSTRACT
According to social inequalities and the lack of power within a group, pursuing justice has become a primary objective of planning. Therefore, understanding the social, economic, and political processes that contribute to creating fair or unfair space is crucial in the new approaches to spatial justice. The primary aim of this study is to assess the key elements of physical-spatial justice in Rasht, emphasizing disciplinary power. This research falls under the category of applied-developmental research. The data was collected through library research and fieldwork, and the statistical population consists of citizens and experts from Rasht city. The sample size was determined using random sampling from the statistical population of citizens, and employing Cochran's formula. The research model was evaluated using structural equation modeling techniques to examine spatial justice in Rasht. Additionally, a one-sample T-test was conducted to compare the current situation with the desired one-sample T-test. To evaluate the impact of physical-spatial justice criteria on the desired future of Rasht City, the relationships between variables were analyzed using structural analysis and a matrix of coefficients for cross-effect analysis, and MicMac software was utilized. Based on the research's conceptual framework, the indicators obtained include spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation. The research results indicate that neglecting the role of power in establishing the foundations of a just city raises doubts about the feasibility of physical-spatial justice approaches.
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Since the discussion of justice is rooted in human nature, no school has been formed without emphasizing justice, and the idea of seeking justice has evolved in various ways alongside human development, and every thinker has stepped into this field according to their knowledge and experience. Today, it is crucial for society to uncover the underlying structure, processes, and layers that contribute to injustice and inequality in urban environments. Urban planning plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of cities and includes social, economic, and environmental components. Decisions made in urban planning can overshadow the results by allocating resources, directing infrastructure development, etc. According to Foucault, power can be seen as inclusive in constructing possible and desirable futures in urban planning, particularly in framing what is considered real, achievable, and desirable. Despite recognizing the all-encompassing nature of power, in line with its action-oriented approach, the knowledge and capacity of human agents to intervene in the socio-economic and political-legal order should not be underestimated. Therefore, explaining the concept of spatial justice within urban areas and applying it in order to realize it can significantly enhance urban planning in Iranian cities. This research aims to evaluate the key components of spatial justice in the envisioned future of Rasht city by exploring the theoretical roots and foundations regarding physical-spatial justice, putting together the perspectives of various thinkers, and comparing them in line with the theory of knowledge-power. Focusing on disciplinary power as articulated in Foucault's thoughts, this research delves into how the concept of a justice-oriented city, particularly emphasizing the theory of knowledge-power (disciplinary power), translates into specific physical-spatial criteria within urban planning. It aims to understand the effect of these criteria on shaping the desired future of Rasht city. Furthermore, the research will explore methods for evaluating the effectiveness of these criteria in achieving a truly justice-oriented city.
 
Methodology
This research is of an applied-developmental nature, and Based on the objectives of the research, characteristics, frameworks, and analysis process, the general strategy of this research is mixed and falls into the category of qualitative-quantitative research. Based on this, in the qualitative part of the research, a meta-combination method is used to present the conceptual model, and the content analysis method and selective coding of texts and sources are used. The components identified in this research are based on the theoretical framework of spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation. In the quantitative part, the data will be converted into quantitative and numerical form according to the topic, and the quantitative data will be collected through a questionnaire utilizing a Likert scale. Therefore, in order to evaluate the status of spatial justice in Rasht city, statistical results are presented in two categories: descriptive findings and inferential findings.  The main variables were explained and interpreted in the descriptive category using frequency statistics, mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage. The inferential topic analyzes the research model using the structural equation modeling techniques. The ranking of factors is conducted using Friedman's ranking test, while the comparison of the existing and desired situation was done with a one-sample T-test. Data analysis was done with Smart PLS version 3 and SPSS version 27 software. The maximum error level of Crombach's alpha in hypothesis testing is set at 0.05 (p<0.05). In order to evaluate the impact of justice-oriented city criteria on the desired future of Rasht city, the relationships between variables were analyzed using structural analysis, a matrix of coefficients of cross-effect analysis, and Mic Mac software. The statistical population of the research includes the citizens of Rasht, as well as experts in urban issues and decision-makers in the field of planning and urban development. The spatial cluster random sampling method was used to measure the statistical population of citizens. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size for this section, and the sample size was 384 individuals. For the statistical population of experts, 45 individuals were selected as the study sample using a purposive sampling method combined with the snowball technique.
 
Results and discussion
In the field of spatial justice within the global theoretical framework, few studies have thoroughly examined the concept of spatial justice in urban environments and its various dimensions. At the same time, the spatial concepts of justice garnered attention from numerous active organizations and urban social movements worldwide. In the definition of justice, each person refers to their mental images, and the mental images of people reflect their worldview, culture, geographical, political, and economic circumstances. However, applying justice tools predominantly resides within the purview of those in power. The study of the works of these thinkers reveals that spatial justice is not only a physical concept; it encompasses various social, political, and economic. Dimensions and has a process concept. Meanwhile, urban planners, or in other words, urban planning, can play a mediating role in clarifying institutional power relations and facilitating action-oriented knowledge to empower citizens and promote the public interest.
 
Conclusion
In this research, the analysis of the findings and statistical tests revealed a significant difference between the optimal situation, as determined through questionnaires and interviews with experts, and the current situation in Rasht city. The objective statistics, measures, and citizens' opinions all indicate that the existing situation falls far below the optimal level in terms of spatial and physical justice. These results highlight the fact that Rasht is lacking in ideal spatial and physical justice. Also, the evaluation of the key criteria for physical-spatial justice affecting the desirable future of  Rasht showed that indicators such as institution building, disciplinary discourse, communication links, a mix of uses, and citizen supervision are crucial for fostering a just city of Rasht in the future. Most of these indicators are included in the participation component. Consequently, the primary obstacle to achieving spatial justice in Rasht stems from citizens' lack of awareness of their rights and limited involvement in urban development processes. Additionally, the unequal distribution of power among certain groups and the absence of public representatives in city development further hinder progress. These factors collectively impede the realization of spatial justice and the establishment of a justice-oriented city in Rasht. Therefore, initiatives aimed at enhancing institutional development, fostering disciplinary discourse, improving communication networks, promoting mixed land use, and increasing citizen oversight, essentially boosting citizen participation in decision-making, can significantly contribute to the creation of a fair city in the future.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.