The Spatial Analysis of Resilience of Old Neighborhoods in Central Areas of Tabriz City

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Cities and metropolitan areas represent dense and complex systems of interconnected services. As such, they are faced with an increasing number of issues that lead to disaster risk. As part of an ideal, strategies and policies can be developed to deliberation to render cities resilient and livable. In the new era, due to the rapid population growth and rapid growth of cities, urban neighborhoods have not had the opportunity to adapt to the new needs of urban neighborhoods, and have been largely unsuccessful in meeting the diverse needs and demands of citizens, failing to deliver the necessary problems. The emergence of gaps and the lack of homogeneity in urban neighborhoods are consequently increased with dissatisfaction of a wide range of urban residents in their residential environment. Central Context Neighborhoods also emerged as a result of changes in the modern era, with people moving to new neighborhoods with a modern shape and structure outside the central contexts.  The old neighborhoods within the central texture of Tabriz, is considered the heartbeat of the city. With diverse functions of social life and identity and vitality, the neighborhoods have now lost their function and quality at many levels, and in some cases inefficient urban textures are at risk and vulnerable to social harm. They are vulnerable to natural and man-made hazards due to the age and exhaustion of building materials, low-winding, winding passages and infrastructure. This situation reduces the likelihood of crisis relief and resilience in times of crisis and emergencies.
Methodology
This descriptive-analytical study aimed to identify the status of resilience in four dimensions of resilience (physical, economic, social and environmental) and its sub-indices, using ELECTRE and AHP methods. The data have been gathered by questionnaires to have the views of experts in the central part of Tabriz. We have used statistical sources, maps, studies and questionnaires to gather information of each of the indices.  ArcGIS and Excel applications were used to analyze the data. Then, the information obtained was evaluated using the Electrode Method for each neighborhood. In order to gain the weight of the indices, the Hierarchical Analysis System (AHP) using Expert Choice software and the views of experts and related experts were used to enter information into the Electre Solver software. The community of experts interviewed was used according to their consensus.
Results and discussion   
The Tabriz City as the study area has 24 districts. The old maps of the neighborhoods, the old barracks of the city, the existing historical documents and maps and the reports of the studies of the master plan of Tabriz are based on the 1919 localities. At first, the four dimensions of resilience were studied with the help of library documents and resources and the views of other researchers and experts, and the indices are needed to measure resilience. Finally, the final score for the resilience level of each neighborhood was obtained. The results obtained from the Electra model show that the leveling and overall status of neighborhoods in terms of resilience level, high level of resilience in Mansour, Aharab, Maghsoudieh and Daneshara neighborhoods, critical condition of Gajil, Baghshamal, Maralan and Serkhab  and non-resilience of Vijoyeh, Davahy and Garaghaj come in handy. Socio-economic dimensions achieved the lowest score among the four dimensions of resilience. This necessitates more attention to the physical refurbishment of urban buildings.  
Conclusion
It can be concluded that based on field studies and observations, high age of buildings and burnout, poor quality of buildings, impermeability and low width of passageways, high building and population density due to fragmentation and other components of urban resilience measurement are all inefficient in most neighborhoods. Instability of the physical and economic dimensions of the textures has led to other instabilities of resilience. The physical and economic resilience approach of sustainable neighborhoods with the economic upbringing strategy can be an effective prescription for enhancing resilience of the old texture neighborhoods and  to overcome this situation.   

Keywords

References

  1. Adger, W., 2000, Social and Ecological Resilience; Are They Related?, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 24, No. 3, PP. 347-364.
  2. ADPC, 2007, CBDRM Field Practitioners' Handbook, Asian Disaster Paperedness Center, Thailand.
  3. Agudelo, V., and Claudia, M., 2012, Harvesting Urban Resources Towards More Resilient Cities, In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 64, No. 5, PP. 3-12.
  4. Ahern, J., 2013, Urban Landscape Sustainability and Resilience, The Promise and Challenges of Integrating Ecology with Urban Planning and Design, Vol. 28, No. 6, PP 1203–1212.
  5. Alexander, D. E., 2013, Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction, An Etymological Journey Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, Vol. 13, No. 11, PP. 2707-2716..
  6. Anna, V., and Miltiadis, D., 2018, Rescaling and Refocusing Smart Cities Research: From Megacities to Smart Villages, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management.
  7. Barton, H., Grant, M., and Guise, R., 2003, Shaping Neighborhoods: A Guide for Health, Sustainability and Vitality, Spon.
  8. Beatley, T., and Newman. P., 2013, Biophilic Cites Are Sustainable, Resilient Cites Sustainability, Vol. 39, No. 5, PP. 3328-3345.
  9. Bryant Brya, S. L. 2006. Community Foudations the Asset- Based Development of An Australian Community Organisation as a Foundational Source for Sustainable Community Development. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Management Business Portfolio MIT University.

10. Christophe, B., Lyla. M., Gordon, M., Terry, C., Jaideep, G., and Thomas, T., 2017, Resilience as a Policy Narrative: Potentials and Limits in the Context of Urban Planning, Climate and Development, Stockholm Environment Institute.

11. Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., and Emrich, C. T., 2010, Disaster Resilience Indicators For Benchmarking Baseline Conditions, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management.

12. Folker, C., 2006, Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social Ecological Systems Analyses, Global Environmental Change.

13. Gearchange, M., 2013, Resilience and Organizational Institutionalism From a Cross Cultural Perspective, An Exploration Based on Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Vietnam, Vol. 67, No. 1, PP. 25 46.

14. GodsChalk, D., 2007, Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities, Natural Hazards Review.

15. Holling, C., 1973, Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 4, No. 1,. PP. 1- 23.

16. Karol, E., & Brunner, J., 2009, Tools for measuring progress towards sustainable neighborhood environments. Sustainability, 1(3), 612-627. Karrholm, M., Nylund, K., and Fuente, P., 2014, Spatial Resilience and Urban Planning, Addressing the Interdependence of Urban Retail Rreas, Vol. 36, No. 3, PP. 121-130.

17. Kontokosta, E., and Malik, A., 2018, The Resilience to Emergencies and Disasters Index: Applying Big Data to Benchmark and Validate Neighborhood Resilience Capacity, Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 36, PP. 272-285.

18. Liao, K., 2012, A Theory on Urban Resilience to Floods-A Basis for Alternative Planning Practices, Ecology and Society, Vol. 17, No. 4, PP. 26- 48.

19. Mayunga, J., 2007, Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience a Capital- Based Approach, Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, Munich, Germany.

20. Meerow, S., P.Newell, J., and Stults, M., 2016, Defining Urban Resilience: A Review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 147. PP. 38-49.

21. Meerow, S., and Stults, M., 2016, Comparing Conceptualizations of Urban Climate Resilience in Theory and Practice, Sustainability. No. 8, PP. 2-16.

22. Mileti, D. S., 1999, Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States, Natural Hazards and Disasters, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.

23. Norris, H., and Stevens, P., 2007, Community Resilience and the Principles of Mass Trauma Intervention, Psychiatry, Interpersonal and Biological Processes, Vol. 70, No.  4, PP. 320-328.

24. Norris Stevens, B., and Wychepfef Fe, K. F., 2008, Community Resilience as a Metaphor Theory Set of Capacities and Strategy for Disaster Readiness, Am J Community Psycho, Vol. 41, No. 1 and 2, PP. 127-150.

25. Pfefferbaum, R., Kilom, Ki., and Gurwitch, R., 2005, Building Resilience to Mass Trauma Events, In L. Doll, S. Bonzo, J. Mercy, and D. Sicct (Eds.), Handbook on Injury and Violence Prevention Intervention Kluwer Academic Publishers, NewYork.

26. Priemus, H., 2005, Urban Renewal: Neighborhood Revitalization and the Role of Housing Associations, Ottawa: Caledon Institute.

27. Rose, A., 2004, Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience to Disasters, Disasters Prevention and Management,. Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 307-314.

28. Roseland, M., 1997, Eco-City Dimensions: Healthy Communities, Healthy Planet, East Haven. CT: New Society Publishers.

29. Sharifi, A., and Yamagata, Y., 2018, Resilience Oriented Urban Planning, Global Carbon Project Tsukuba International Office National Institute Ffor Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan, Part of the Lecture Notes in Energy Book Series., LNEN, Vol. 65. PP. 3-27.

30. Suárez, M., Gómez Baggethun, M., Benayas, J., and Tilbury, D., 2016, Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities, Sustainability, Vol. 8, No. 8, PP. 1-19.

31. Vale, L. J., and Campanella, T. J. 2005. The Resilient City: Trauma, Recovery, and Remembrance. MIT World Series.

32. Wheeler, S. M., 2004, Planning for Sustainability, Routledge, London and NewYork, P. 248.

33. Windle, G., 2011, What Is Resilience? A Review and Concept Analysis, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, Vol. 21, No. 2, PP. 152-169.

34. Zhou, H. W., Jingai, W., and Junhong, J., 2010, Resilience to Natural Hazards, A Geographic Perspective, Natural Hazards, Vol. 53, No. 1, PP. 21-41.

35. Pourjafar, M. R., 2009, Basics of Old Town Texture Improvement and Modernization, Payam Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)

36. Chapman, D., 2005, Creation of Neighborhoods and Places in the Human Environment, Translators: Manouchehr Tabibian and Shahrzad Faryadi, Institute of Publications and Printing of Tehran University. (In Persian)

37. Haeri, M. R., 1992, Design of the Iranian Metropolitan Area: A Typological Study of Urban Textile in Iran, Iran Letter No. 4, PP. 707- 722. (In Persian)

38. SasanPour, F., Ahanghari, N., and Haji Nejad, S., 1396, Evaluation of the Resilience of the 12th Metropolitan Area of Tehran Against Natural Hazards, Spatial Analysis of Natural Hazards Publications, Vol. 4, No. 3,  PP. 85- 98. (In Persian)

39. Abbaspour, I., 2014, The Role of Urban Management in Neighborhood Sustainability (Case Study of Saqez Area-Shahrak and Sharif Abad Neighborhoods), Master's Thesis, University of Gilan. (In Persian)

40. Azizi, M. M., 2006, Sustainable Residential Neighborhood (Case Study: Narmak), Honar Haye Ziba Publications. No. 27, PP. 35- 46. (In Persian)

41. Gholami, Y., Heydari Sarshjani, R., Salimi, Z., and Brahman, V., 2018, Planning with Urban Awareness Approach, Publications of the Professors of Kashan University. (In Persian)

42. Ghiyai, M. H. et al., 2013, Analytical Framework And Methodology of Regeneration of Historical Textures and Neighborhoods, Case Study: Shah Kerman Market Square, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, PP. 1- 26. (In Persian)

43. Lynch, K., 1997, The Theory of Good City Shape, Translator: Hossein Bahreini, Tehran University Publications. (In Persian)

44. Statistical Center of Iran, 2006, Detailed Results of the Population and Housing Census. (In Persian)

45. Mashhadzadeh Dehghani, N., 1994, An Analysis of the Features of Urban Literature in Iran, Iran University of Science and Technology. (In Persian)

46. Padir Consulting Engineers. 2009. Study Of Seismic Geotechnical Microzonation In Tabriz. Employer: Housing And Urban Development Organization Of East Azarbaijan Province. (In Persian)

47. Razavi Environment Consulting Engineers, 2006, Development and Development Studies (Comprehensive) of Tabriz City, Social Studies Report, Available Stage, First Edit. (In Persian)

48. Mirzaei, E., 2014, Application of Resilience Approach in Urban Planning to Reduce the Effects of Natural Disasters, Case Study: Sanandaj City, Master's Thesis Urmia University. (In Persian)

Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)
Volume 7, Issue 2
July 2019
Pages 349-374

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics