Literature Systematic Review Method Implementation in Dimensions, Components and Indicators Identification of the Creative City

Document Type : Review article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University

2 Assistant Professor of Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University

3 Professor of Geography, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University

4 PhD of Futures Studies, Faculty of Management, Tehran University

Abstract

Introduction
The creative city is the product of the third millennium and its developments. Based on this theory, creative people are considered key drivers of urban and regional growth. The creative city emphasizes on components such as technology, talent, diversity, and social - cultural tolerance. To realize such a city, it is necessary to consider four important advantages for the cities of Iran. First, the creative city can play an effective role in country's economic growth and prosperity through the commercialization of art and cultural industries rich market such as handicrafts, music, cinema, ... the artistic and historical centers of Iranian civilization, Iranian and Islamic architectural masterpieces, preservation and attraction of the elites and the intellectual and intellectual assets utilization of talents, as well as the transformation of their ideas and creativity into commercially valuable products. Secondly, it can add to the country cultural richness and diversity through the mechanisms such as preventing the elites escape by creating a suitable and tolerant-based context (maximum attraction and minimal elimination), the elite's attraction of different countries and religions, especially the Islamic countries talents from different sects and religions. Third, it could add a new dimension to the country's economy and accelerate stagnation outbreak fields. Fourthly, creative thinking and creative themes do not require investment and bureaucratic structures as compared to other economic sectors and will never be subject to cruel sanctions. Accordingly, the present research purpose is creative city explanation based on its dimensions, components and indicators in order to understand many aspects.
Methodology
The present study was conducted using the literature systematic review, which includes the stages of definition, search, selection, analysis and synthesis. The review first step is to identify the review field before the actual search. Word selection has been searched based on the main components of theorists and researchers such as Florida (2002 and 2005), Landry (2000) and Sasaki (2008 and 2010) (Tolerance, Talent, Technology, Diversity, Innovation). In the second step, it has been done the search for resources. The search process was conducted in August 2017 for 31 days. In this process, we have been searching for dissertations, books, articles, statistical reports and research projects related to the creative city and its dimensions, components and indicators. It is worth noting that these resources were published in the 2017-2000 period. The list of valid resource references has been monitored as part of a detailed search for additional literature based on snowball search and manual search. All references such as title, authors, general lines, abstracts and keywords information have been transmitted to the Endnote software version X7.4 and have been removed duplicate results. The third step was to allocate resources and full text of the downloaded articles. Titles, abstracts and key words of downloaded sources all were independently double-monitored by authors for agreement and consensus. Then, the full text of the qualified sources was carefully studied again for further and more accurate examination. The fourth stage is the analysis. The full text of the retrieved articles was evenly divided among the evaluators, who consistently analyzed the papers independently. The fifth step of the research is to synthesize. The authors synthesized the data into the three categories using selective coding processes (i.e., integration and refinement of concepts and themes).
Results and discussion
The initial search has led to 114 cases based on the research topic, then, 71 items were fully evaluated. Finally, the resource 22 was selected for final analysis. The data have been selected between 2016-2000 time intervals. The literature systematic review findings show that the most relevant cases relate to 2012-2007, including 11 of the research databases (57%). In other words, the percentage of selected studies for 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2007 are 17%, 13%, 9%, 9% and 9%, respectively. About 68% of the data is quantitative and 32% qualitative. The results clearly indicate that most studies are related to the EU and the United States. In short, approximately 77% of studies have been conducted in EU and US. The creative city has a dimensions seven including spatial, social, economic, cultural, human, structural and institutional, components 28 and indicators 141.  The spatial dimension has six components including accessibility, city representation, livability, physical environment, branding and amenities; each of the components has indicators 3, 5, 5, 7, 3 and 5, respectively. Economic dimension has three key components including creative economy, innovation, cultural economy; each component has indicators 6, 5 and 8, respectively. The social dimension has key three components: tolerance and tolerance, social atmosphere and values and norms, which have indicators 8, 8 and 3 respectively. The cultural dimension has main components four: cultural environment, tourism, norms and values, and cultural participation; each of the components has indicators 6, 3, 6 and 3 respectively. Structural dimension has main components seven including corruption perception, freedom of speech, information and communication technology, socio-cultural infrastructure, creativity sponsor infrastructure, entrepreneurship and financial infrastructure; each of the components has indicators 1, 2, 5, 6, 1, 2, and 5 respectively. The human dimension has main components three, including creative core, bohemian, and talent; each of the components has indicators 8, 1 and 7 respectively. The institutional dimension has main components three, including the institutional environment, incentives and regulations, and the general and political framework; each of the components has indicators 6, 3 and 10 respectively.
Conclusion
Many studies have been carried out in creative cities and their locations. Nevertheless, there is a serious vacuum on the creative city detailed and multidimensional study. Studies have focused on the creative city analysis in terms of technology, talent, tolerance and diversity, or creative and cultural economics. This neglects attention to the creative city multifaceted and complex dimensions in urban planning. Accordingly, the present study has identified the creative city various aspects of the Accordingly, the present study has identified the creative city various aspects include of spatial, economic, social, structural, cultural, human and institutional using the systematic review method. The use of these components and indicators in the country cities can provide a platform for the prosperity and commercialization of their rational, human and cultural heritage assets.

Keywords


  1. Abbasi, M., and Shabani, A. M., 2015, Socio-Cultural Indicators Investigation and Definition of Creative City in Urban Development of Isfahan, Third International Conference on Civil and Urban Architecture At the Beginning of the Third Millennium, Tehran, Alborz University- Alborz Province Architecture and Urban Development Association. (In Persian)
  2. Acs, Z., and Megyesi, M., ­2009, Creativity and Industrial Cities: A Case Study of Baltimore, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 1, No. 4, PP. 421-439.
  3. ARC-CCI. ­2012, The CCI Creative City Index 2012, Cultural Science Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 1-18.
  4. Batty, M., Axhausen, K., Fosca, G., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis, G., and Portugali, Y., ­2012, Smart Cities of the Future, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London.
  5. Boschma, R. A., and Fritsch, M., ­2009, Creative Class and Regional Growth: Empirical Evidence From Seven Countries, Economic Geography, Vol. 85, No. 4, PP. 391-423.
  6. Bowen, H., Moesen, W., and Sleuwaegen, L., ­2006, A Composite Index of the Creative Economy, Review of Business and Economics, Vol. 54, No. 4, PP. 375-397.
  7. Bury, J., 2013, Creative Capital in Small Cities? Niepołomice as an Example, the Idea of Creative City, the Urban Policy Debate, Cracow 17-18 October 2013.
  8. Byrne, T., ­2013, Cultural Policy and the Creative City: Legitimation Discourses, Culture and the State, Doctoral Thesis, Dublin Institute Oftechnology.
  9. Carrillo, F. (2006). Capital systems: implications for a global knowledge agenda. Journal of

10. Castro, C. M., ­2012, New Technology and Creative Tourism –A Case Study for the City of Porto, Supervisor: Joana César Machado, Escola Das Ar Tes Da Un I Versida De C Atólica P Or Tug Ues A, Mestrado Em Gestão De Indústrias Criativas.

11. Commonwealth of Australia, 2011, Our Cities, Our Future, A National Urban Policy for a Productive, Sustainable and Liveable Future, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, GPO Box 594, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.

12. Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards (COIN). 2017, Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017, Oint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s Science and Knowledge Service, Ispra, Italy.

13. Correia, C., and Oliveira, M., 2012, Creative Indexes: Economic Space Matters? Master Degree Dissertation in Economics, Area of Specialisation in Economic Analysis, University of Porto School of Economics and Business.

14. Durmaz, S. B., ­2012, Creative Clusters and Place-Making: Analysing the Quality of Place in Soho and Beyoglu, PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham.

15. Florida, R., 2005, Cities and the Creative Class, Oxon: Routledge.

16. Florida, R., Mellander, C., and King, K., ­2015, The Global Creativity Index 2015, The Martin Prosperity Institute, University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management.

17. Fotouhi Mehrabani, B., Kalantari, M., and Rajaii, S. A., 2014, Creative City and Iranian Creative City Indicators, Journal of Geography, Vol. 14, No. 51, PP. 101-118. (In Persian)

18. Gossling, T., and Rutten, R., 2007, Innovation in Regions, European Planning Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, PP. 1-20.

19. Grodach, C., ­2012, Before and After the Creative City: the Politics of Urban Cultural Policy in Austin, Texas, Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 34 (2012), PP. 81–97.

20. Hagihara, M., ­2010, Urban Regeneration in Kyoto after the Meiji Restoration: From a Creative City Theory Perspective, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Osaka Shoin Women’s University.

21. Hahn, J., ­2010, Creative Cities and (Un)Sustainability – Cultural Perspectives, Cultura 21 Ebooks Series on Culture and Sustainability Cultura 21 Ebooks Reihe Zur Kultur Und Nachhaltigkeit, Vol. 3, No. ­3, PP. 1-20.

22. Hall, P., 2000, Creative Cities and Economic Development, Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, PP. 639-649.

23. HKSAR, ­2004, A Study on Creativity Index, Hong Kong: HKSAR.

24. INTELI, 2011, Creative-Based Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Cities: Guidelines for Local Authorities, URBACT II Programme of the European Commission (EC).

25. Jopek, D., 2013, Good City Form, Creative NewYork, the Idea of Creative City, The Urban Policy Debate­, Cracow 17-18 October 2013.

26. Kalantari, M.,  Rajaee, S. A., and Fotouhi Mehrabani, B., 2016, An Analysis of the Metropolitan Areas of Iran Enjoying Creative City Indices, Geographical Research Urban Planning, Vol. 4, No. 4, PP. 587-612. (In Persian)

27. KEA European Affairs. 2009, The Impact of Culture on Creativity, Rapport Préparé Pour La Commission Européenne. Bruxelles: Commission Des Communautés Européennes.

28. Kloudova, J., and Stehlikova, B., 2010, Creativity Index for the Czech Republc in Terms of Regional Similarities and Geographic Location, Economics and Management, Vol. 1 (2010), PP. 100-109.

29. Knowledge Management. 6(4): 379-399.

30. Kong, L., ­­2012, Singapore and the Making of a Creative City, Chinese Creative Industries Forum 2012 Macau 2 June 2012, Department of Geography National University of Singapore.

31. Kooijman, D., and Romein, A., ­2007, the Limited Potential of the Creative City Concept: Policy Practices in Four Dutch Cities, Faculty of Architecture, RE and H Department of Delft University of Technology.

32. Krop, M. F., ­2013, Implementation From Above? the Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China, Master Thesis Graduate Degree Urban and Regional Planning, UVA University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development Studie.

33. Landry, C., 2000, The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Earthscan.

34. Leng, K. S., Badarulzaman, N., Samat, N., Rohayah, S., and Dawood, S., ­2014, Capitalising on Urban Cultural Resources for Creative City Development: A Conceptual Review and the Way Forward for Malaysia’s George Town, GEOGRAFIA Onlinetmmalaysian Journal of Society and Space, Vol. 10, No. 5, PP. 20 – 29.

35. Lewisin. M., and Donald, B., 2010, A New Rubric for‘Creative City’potential in Canada’s Smaller Cities, Urban Studies, Vol. 47 (2010), PP. 29–54.

36. Liu, H., 2015, Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure, Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16610-0-2, Springer International Publishing Switzerland Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

37. Lowes, M., 2015, Placemarketing and the Discourse of Creativity in Toronto’s Creative City Revitalization Strategy, 2003-2008, CJMS Fall 2015/RC, M Automne 2015, University of Ottawa.

38. Maleki, S., Moradi Mafar, S., and Hosseinzadeh, A., 2015, Prioritization of Creative City Indicators Using Analytical Model of ANP Network Study of Zanjan Urban Areas 1 and 4, Journal of Sustainable City, Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 78-98. (In Persian)

39. Mellander, C., and Florida, R., 2012, The Rise of Skills: Human Capital, The Creative Class and Regional Development, CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series, Paper No. 266, the Royal Institute of Technology Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies (CESIS), http://www.cesis.se.

  1. 40.  Mokhtari Malek Abadi, R., Saghaei, M., and Iman, F., 2014,Classification of Isfahan Fifteen Areas In Terms of Creative City Indicators Using Regional Planning Models, Journal of Urban Research and Planning, Vol. 5, No. 15, PP. 5-10. (In Persian)

41. Mousavi, M. N., 2014, Ranking Sardasht City Neighborhoods for Moving Towards Creativity with Emphasis on Realizing City Creation Using TOPSIS and ANP, Geography and Urban Planning, Vol. 4, No. 10, PP. 19-38. (In Persian)

42. Oliveira, C. I. P., 2011, Creative Cities: The Potential of Portuguese Cities, Master Degree Dissertation in Economia E Gestão Das Cidades, Do Porto University.

43. Peng, K., and Yang, Y., 2013, An Exploratory Study on Creative City From the Citizen's Point of View, IJCCI, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP. 1-20.

  1. 44.  Petrov, A., 2007, A Look Beyond Metropolis: Exploring Creative Class in the Canadian Periphery, Canadian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 30, No. 3, PP. 451-474.

45. Pratt, A. C., ­2008, Creative Cities: the Cultural Industries and the Creative Class, Geografiska Annaler: Series B,Human Geography, Vol. 90, No. 2, PP. 107-171.

46. Pratt, A. C., 2010, Creative Cities: Tensions Within and Between Social, Cultural and Economic Development: A Critical Reading of the UK Experience, City, Culture and Society, Vol. 1 (2010), PP. 13–20

47. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), 2016, Report to the President Technology and the Future of Cities, Executive Office of the President, February 2016.

48. Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2005, Cities of the Future, Global Competition, Local Leadership Global.

49. Rafieian, M., and Shabani, M., 2015, Analysis of Urban Creativity Indices in the Residential System of Mazandaran Province, Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, Vol. 5, No. 16, PP. 19-34. (In Persian)

50. Ramos, A. R., Navarro, J. L. M., Martos, M. L. P., and Camacho, M. I. M., 2016, Indexes of Creativity: A Measurement Proposal for Spain and Its Autonomous Communities, 19th International Conference on Cultural Economics by the ACEI Valladolid (Spain), 21-24June 2016.

51. Renz, E., 2015, Business Models and the Creative City: Amsterdam’s Knowledge Mile in the Limelight, CREATE-IT Applied Research Research Group Cross Media, Hogeschool Van Amsterdam.

52. Rezaie Eshaghvandi, S., and Rostami, M., 2015, A Vision Development of the Creative City of Kermanshah – Iran in Line with the Process of City Development Strategy (CDS) Through the Adoption of OREGON Model, J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 219-229.

53. Romein, A., and Trip, J., 2010, Key Elements of Creative City Development: An Assessment of Local Policies in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, Delft University of Technology, OTB Research Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies, Jaffalaan 9, Delft, the Netherlands.

54. Saal, H., Hammer, S., Wayman, R., Compton, P., and Flynn, T., 2002, Creative Community Index: Measuring Progress toward a Vibrant Silicon Valley, Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley.

55. Sasaki, M., 2003, Kanazawa: A Creative and Sustainable City, Jan. 2003.

56. Sasaki, M., 2008, Developing Creative Cities Through Networking, Issued by the Participants of World Creative City Forum 2007, OSAKA Mar 2008.

57. Sasaki, M., 2010, Urban Regeneration through Cultural Creativity and Social Inclusion: Rethinking Creative City Theory through a Japanese Case Study, Cities, Vol. 27 (2010), PP. S3–S9.

58. Scott, A. J., 2006, Creative Cities: Conceptual Issues and Policy Questions, Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 28 (2006), PP. 1–17.

59. Trip, J. J., 2007, What Makes a City? Planning for Quality of Place,THECase of High-Speed Train Station Area Development. Delft: TU Delft.

60. Vanolo, A., 2009, the Image of the Creative City, Eight Years Later: Turin, Urban Branding and the Economic Crisis Taboo, Vol. 46 (2015), PP. 1–7.

61. Vanova, A., and Miskovicova, A., 2014, What Makes the City Creative –Comparison of Creative City’s and Local Socio-Economic Development’s Factors, 5thcentral European Conference in Regional Science –CERS, 2014.

62. Yigitcanlar, T., 2005, The Making of Knowledge Cities: Lessons Learned From Melbourne, International Symposium on Knowledge Cities, 2005, 28-30 November 2005, Saudi Arabia, Medina.

63. Zamudio, R. M., and Barar, F., 2013, Looking for the Creative City: Urban Development Through Education and Cultural Strategies in Medellin, the Idea of Creative City, Vol. 1(2013), PP. 40-45.

64. Zherdev, N., 2014, Festivalization As a Creative City Strategy, Doctoral Working Paper Series, IN3 Working Paper Series, Vol. 14, No. 002, PP. 5-25.