Spatial Analysis of Vulnerable Group Accessibility to Public Services Using an Inclusive City Approach (case study: Tehran Metropolis)

Document Type : Research article

Authors

Abstract

The inclusive city approach focuses on vulnerable groups, minorities, deprived and rejected individuals, and calls for justice and the reduction of inequality in various fields. The main goal of this study is to measure and spatial analysis of the Inclusiveness of Tehran Urban spaces to assess the Accessibility of vulnerable groups to urban services. Vulnerable People include women, children, the elderly, the illiterate, the unemployed, immigrants, and families with disabilities who are assessed as target groups. The method used in this research is quantitative and by comparing and validating three different methods of spatial data mining methods Such as principal component analysis, spectral clustering, and self-organizing maps. Validation and evaluation of different options in clustering have been done using 4 internal clustering evaluation indicators and comparison between the best method and the most optimal number of clusters. Results, show the self-organizing maps method and also 5 number of clusters have been selected as the best option from other options. Based on the final outputs, about 31 percent of the residential area in Tehran has a lower than average accessibility, most of which are located in the marginal spaces and near the border of the city. Also, most of the central and northern areas of Tehran have good and very accessible access, which constitutes nearly 40percent of Tehran's residential areas. The results of the analysis of vulnerable groups also indicate that more than 30 percent of women, children and the illiterate live in areas with lower than average accessibility levels.

Keywords


اژدری، ابوالقاسم، تقوایی، علی‌اکبر و ظهیرنژاد، عارف (1394). «بررسی جدایی‌گزینی اجتماعی-فضایی گروه‌های تحصیلی و شغلی در کلان‌شهر شیراز»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات شهری، شمارۀ 16، صص 67-79.
جواهری، حسن، حاتمی‌نژاد، حسین، زیاری، کرامت‌الله، و پوراحمد، احمد (1394). «جدایی‌گزینی اجتماعی شهر کامیاران؛ تحلیلی بر شاخص‌های ناهمسانی و انزواگرایی فضایی»، فصلنامۀ جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقه‌ای، شمارۀ 16، صص 1-18.
مدنی‌پور، علی (1385). «شهرسازی فراگیر»، همایش ملی مناسب‌سازی محیط شهری، پژوهشکدۀ مهندسی و علوم پزشکی جانبازان، تهران.
Abdi, H., & Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal Component Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2(4), 433-459.
Bach, F., & Jordan, M. (2004). Learning spectral clustering. Advances in neural information processing systems16(2), 305-312.
Ben-Hur, A., & Guyon, I. (2003). Detecting Stable Clusters Using Principal Component Analysis. In Functional genomics. Humana press. 159-182.
Bharati, M., & Ramageri, M. (2010). Data mining techniques and applications. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 1(4). 301-305
Birch, C. P. D., Oom, S. P., & Beecham, J. A. (2007). Rectangular and Hexagonal Grids Used for Observation, Experiment and Simulation in Ecology. Ecological Modelling, 206(3), 347-359.
Brock, G., Pihur, V., Datta, S., & Datta, S. (2008). clValid: An R Package for Cluster Validation. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(4), 1 - 22.
Charrad, M., Ghazzali, ., Boiteau, V., & Niknafs, A. (2014). NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6), 1 - 36.
Comber, A., Brunsdon, C., & Green, E. (2008). Using a GIS-Based Network Analysis to Determine Urban Greenspace Accessibility for Different Ethnic and Religious Groups. Landscape and Urban Planning, 86(1), 103-114.
Dai, D. (2011). Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Green Space Accessibility: Where to Intervene? Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(4), 234-244.
Davies, D. L., & Bouldin, D. W. (1979). A Cluster Separation Measure. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell, 1(2), 224–227.
Douglas, R. (2017). Building Inclusive Cities: Highlights from the Inclusive Cities Project. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). Manchester. United Kingdom.
Dunn, J. C. (1974). Well-Separated Clusters and Optimal Fuzzy Partitions. Journal of Cybernetics, 4(1), 95-104.
Fouedjio, F. (2017). A Spectral Clustering Approach For Multivariate Geostatistical Data. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 4(4), 301-312.
Gong, W., & Lyu, H. (2017). Sustainable City Indexing: Towards the Creation of an Assessment Framework for Inclusive and Sustainable Urban-Industrial Development. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
Hall, S., & Hall, S. M. (2012). City, Street and Citizen: The Measure of the Ordinary. 9, Routledge.
Hassani, M., & Seidl, T. (2017). Using Internal Evaluation Measures to Validate the Quality of Diverse Stream Clustering Algorithms. Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 4(3), 171-183.
Kohonen, T. (1990). The Self-Organizing Map. Proceedings of the IEEE, 78(9), 1464-1480.
La Rosa, D., Takatori, C., Shimizu, H., & Privitera, R. (2018). A planning framework to evaluate demands and preferences by different social groups for accessibility to urban greenspaces. Sustainable cities and society36, 346-362.
Lemaire, X., & Kerr, D. (2017). Inclusive Urban Planning – Promoting Equality and Inclusivity in Urban Planning Practices. UCL Energy Institute / SAMSET Policy Note.
Mayaud, J. R., Anderson, S., Tran, M., & Radić, V. (2019). Insights from self-organizing maps for predicting accessibility demand for healthcare infrastructure. Urban Science3(1), 1-20
Mayaud, J. R., Tran, M., & Nuttall, R. (2019). An Urban Data Framework for Assessing Equity in Cities: Comparing Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities in Cascadia. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 78, 1-12
Mobley, L. R., Root, E., Anselin, L., Lozano-Gracia, N., & Koschinsky, J. (2006). Spatial analysis of elderly access to primary care services. International journal of health geographics5(1), 1-17.
Parnell, S. (2016). Defining a Global Urban Development Agenda. World Development, 78, 529-540.
Pfitzner, D., Leibbrandt, R., & Powers, D. (2009). Characterization and evaluation of similarity measures for pairs of clusterings. Knowledge and Information Systems19(3), 361-394.
Rachmawati, R. (2017). Inclusive Cities: The New Issue in Urban Development. Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Education, and Human Research79. 160-165.
Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 20, 53-65.
SACN. (2017). Inclusive Cities 2008. Sout African Cities Network: Braamfontein.
Sadeque, S. Z. (2009). Inclusive Planning for Social Integration: A Short Notes.UN.
Settlements, U. N. C. F. H. (2001). The Global Campaign for Good Urban Governance. Environment and Urbanization, 12(1), 197-203.
Shah, P., Hamilton, E., Armendaris, F., & Lee, H. (2015). World-Inclusive Cities Approach Paper. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
Singru, R., & NaikLindfield, M. R. (2017). Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development. Asian Development Bank: Mandaluyong, Philippines.
de Oliveira Neto, J. S. (2018). Inclusive Smart Cities: theory and tools to improve the experience of people with disabilities in urban spaces (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE); Universidade de São Paulo (Brésil)).
Templeton, G. F. (2011). A Two-Step Approach for Transforming Continuous Variables to Normal: Implications and Recommendations for IS Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28(1), 42-54
Vesanto, J., & Alhoniemi, E. (2001). Clustering of the Self-Organizing Map. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 11(3), 586-600.
Von Luxburg, U. (2007). A Tutorial on Spectral Clustering. Statistics and Computing, 17(4), 395-416.
Azhdari, A., Taghvaei A. A., & Zahirnezhad, A. (2015). Study of Social-Spatial Separation of Educational and Professional Groups in Shiraz Metropolis. Urban Studies, 4(16), 67-79. (In Persian)
Javahari, H., et al. (2015). Social separation of Kamyaran city; An analysis of indicators of heterogeneity and spatial isolationism. Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning. 2015(16). (In Persian)
Madani Pour, A. (2006). Inclusive Urbanism, National Conference on Urban Environment Adaptation. Veterans Engineering and Medical Sciences Research Institute: Tehran. (In Persian)