Explain The role of NGOs in increasing social resilience against the Corona pandemic(Case study: Tabriz city)

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan

2 University

3 Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz

Abstract

NGOs can play a key role in providing first-hand services to communities in reducing the impact and vulnerability to crises. Therefore, the present study examines the role of non-governmental organizations in increasing social resilience against the Corona pandemic. The present research is qualitative in nature, descriptive-analytical in nature. Library studies and articles are used to collect information and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Fuzzy Delphi technique and structural equation method have been used for analysis. In the first stage, Delphi out of 26 components, 22 components higher than 0.7 have been obtained, and in the second stage, all the studied components have been approved. The results show that the independent variables of the present study have a positive and significant effect on the independent variable of research (resilience), participation, prevention, empowerment, and support, respectively. The research findings also indicate that in increasing social resilience in Corona Crisis Index of financial and service support to prevent the spread of the virus and to facilitate transparency in information on the latest status and cases related to Corona; And consultation with banks and financial and credit institutions to attract their attention to pay more attention to vulnerable groups has been most effective.

Keywords


افضلی، رسول، ایران‌خواه، حمید و حسن مؤمنی (1397). «بررسی نقش سمن‌ها در پیشگیری از آسیب‌های اجتماعی (مورد مطالعه: شهر تهران)»، نشریة جغرافیا و روابط انسانی، شمارة 1، 569-592.
بسطامی نیا، امیر، رضایی، محمدرضا و محمدحسین سرایی (1397). «تبیین و تحلیل تاب‌آوری اجتماعی برای مقابله با سوانح طبیعی»، فصلنامة دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، شماره 3، ۲۰۹-۲۲۴.
جهانگیری، کتایون و غلامرضا پورحیدری (1389). مبانی مدیریت جامعه‌محور بحران، تهران: مؤسسة آموزشی عالی علمی- کاربردی هلال ایران.
حاتمی‌نژاد، حسین، پوراحمد، احمد و کوشیار زبردست (1399). «سنجش میزان تاب‌آوری اجتماعی در منطقة ۹ کلان‌شهر تهران»، فصلنامة مسکن و محیط روستا، شمارة 171، ۴۹-۶۰.
حبیب‌پور گتابی، کرم و بهزاد کاری جعفری (1399). «مطالعة جایگاه سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد در مدیریت بحران شهر تهران»، مجلة مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، شماره 3، 29-54.
خیری، محمد (1397). «سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد و مدیریت مشارکت محور: با تأکید بر ارائه مدلی غیر بوروکراتیک برای مدیریت مالی و جغرافیایی بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی کلان‌شهرهای ایران»، فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی جغرافیا (برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای)، شمارة 2، 225-247.
دماری، بهزاد، حیدرنیا، محمدعلی و مریم رهبری بناب (1393). «نقش و عملکرد سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد در حفظ و ارتقای سلامت جامعه»، فصلنامة پایش، شمارة 5، 541-550.
دودانگه، زهره (1399). راهبرد پاسخ‌دهی کارکردی فضایی شهری به اپیدمی، تهران، انتشارات مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران.
نوعی، غلامحسین و لیلا ساجع (1390). «نقش سازمان‌های غیردولتی (سمن‌ها) در توسعة پایدار»، اولین همایش بین‌المللی مدیریت گردشگری و توسعه پایدار، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران.
همتی‌نژاد، هادی، رنجبر، مقصود، عسگری، مهدی و سید وحید حسینی (1397). «بررسی نقش سازمان‌های غیردولتی در افزایش سرمایة اجتماعی و تأثیر آن بر توسعه در ایران (مورد مطالعه: استان قم)»، سپهر سیاست، شمارة 16، 163-188.
وطن‌پرست، ابوالفضل، آئینه‌چیان، علیرضا و نسترن یزدانی (1384). «بررسی نقش سازمان‌های غیردولتی در مدیریت بحران با ارائة تحلیلی از تجربه جبهة سبز ایران»، اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی جامع بحران در حوادث غیرمترقبه، تهران، ایران.
Afzali, R., Irankhah, A., & Momeni, H. (2018). Investigating the role of ngo in preventing social injuries. Case study: Tehran. Geography and Human Relationships, 1(1), 569-592. (In Persian)
Aldrich, D. P. (2010). The power of people: social capital’s role in recovery from the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Nat Hazards, 56, 595–611.
Bastaminia, A., Rezaei, M. R., & Saraei, M. H. (2018). The explanation and analysis of social resilience in coping with natural disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge (quarterly), 8(3), 209-224. (In Persian)
Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: Toward an integrated approach. Soc Nat Res, 26, 5–20.
Birnbaum, M. L., Daily, E. K., O'Rourke, A. P., & Loretti, A. (2016). Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, Part IX: Risk-reduction framework. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 31(3), 309-325.
Bradley, K., and D. W. Callaway. "128 Operation Kick the King: a Non-Governmental Organization’s Response to the United States Novel Corona Virus 2019 Pandemic." Annals of Emergency Medicine 76, no. 4 (2020): S51.
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Li, K., & Luna-Reyes, L. F. (2019, April). Dimensions and Measurement of City Resilience in Theory and in Practice. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (pp. 270-280).
Damari, B., Heidarnia, M., A., & Rahbari Bonab., M. (2014). Role and performance of Iranian NGOs in community health promotion. Payesh, 13(5), 541-550. (In Persian)
Dudangeh, Z. (2016). Functional-spatial response strategy of urban to epidemic. Tehran: Studies and Planning Center. (In Persian)
Fallah, S., & Hosseini Nejad, Zh. (2018). The role of non-governmental organizations in disaster management: A case study of bam earthquake, Iran. Disaster Emerg Res, 1(1), 43-50.
 Gregorowski, R., Dorgan, A., & Hutchings, C. (2017). Resilience Measurement–MEL approaches in practice. Challenges and lessons in operationalizing resilience measurement frameworks–experience and lessons from CoP stakeholders. ITAD, Hove, available at: www. Measuringresilience. Org/pdfs/ITAD_Report. Pdf.
Habibpour, G. K., & Kari Jafari, B. (2020) Study of the position of non-governmental organizations in crisis management in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Social Studies, 13(2), 29-54. (In Persian)
Hatami Nejad, H., Pourahmad, A., & Zebardast, K. (2020). Assessing the Level of Social Resilience in District 9 of Tehran Metropolis. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 39(171), 49-60. (In Persian)
Hawkins, R. L., & Maurer, K. (2010). Bonding, bridging and linking: how social capital operated in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Br J Soc Work, 40, 1777–1793.
Hayllar, M. R. (2007). Governance and community engagement in managing SARS in Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(1), 39-67.
Hemmatinejad, H., Ranjbar, M., Askari, M., & Hosseini, S. V. (2019). The role of non-governmental organizations in increasing social capital and its impact on development in Iran (Case study: Qom province). Sepehr-e Siyasat, 5(16), 163-188. (In Persian)
Hore, K., Gaillard, J. C., Davies, T., & Kearns, R. (2020). People’s participation in disaster-risk reduction: Recentering Power. Natural Hazards Review, 21(2), 04020009.
Hussin, M. F. A., Salleh, M. A., Hehsan, A., & Junaidi, J. (2018, July). The roles of non-state actors in eradicating poverty in Malaysia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 175, No. 1, p. 012166).
Jahangiri, K., & Poor Heidari, Gh. (2010). Fundamentals of crisis-oriented community management. Tehran: Hilal Iran Higher Scientific-Applied Educational Institute. (In Persian)
Jalali, R. (2002). Civil society and the state: Turkey after the earthquake. Disasters, 26(2), 120-139.
Khan, M. R., & Rahman, M. A. (2007). Partnership approach to disaster management in Bangladesh: a critical policy assessment. Nat Hazards, 41, 359–378.
Kheiri, M. (2018). Non-governmental organizations and participatory governance: With emphasis on Provide non-bureaucratic model for financial and geographical management of environmental crises in metropolitan areas of Iran. Geography (Regional Planning), 8(2), 229-251. (In Persian)
Kwok, A. H., Doyle, E. E. H., Becker, J., Johnston, D., & Paton, D. (2016). What is ‘social resilience’? Perspectives of disaster researchers, emergency management practitioners, and policymakers in New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 197-211.
Lee, V. J., Ho, M., Kai, C. W., Aguilera, X., Heymann, D., & Wilder-Smith, A. (2020). Epidemic preparedness in urban settings: New challenges and opportunities. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 527-529.
Leykin, D., Lahad, M., Cohen, O., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2013). Conjoint community resiliency assessment measure-28/10 items (CCRAM28 and CCRAM10): A self-report tool for assessing community resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(3-4), 313-323.
Ludwig, T., Kotthaus, C., Reuter, C., Van Dongen, S., & Pipek, V. (2017). Situated crowdsourcing during disasters: managing the tasks of spontaneous volunteers through public displays. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud, 102(2017), 103–121.
Maguire, B., & Hagan, P. (2007). Disasters and communities: Understanding social resilience. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 22(2), 548–564.
McMillen, H., Campbell, L., Svendsen, E., & Reynolds, R. (2016). Recognizing stewardship practices as indicators of social resilience: In living memorials and in a community garden. Sustainability, 8(8), 775.
Meriläinen, E. (2020). The dual discourse of urban resilience: robust city and self‐organised neighbourhoods. Disasters, 44(1), 125-151.
Minamoto, Y. (2010). Social capital and livelihood recovery: post‐tsunami Sri Lanka as a case. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal.
Noei, G. H., & Saje´, L. (2011). The role of non-governmental organizations (samnahs) in sustainable development. The First International Conference on Tourism Management and Sustainable Development, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
Patel, S. S., Rogers, M. B., Amlôt, R., & Rubin, G. J. (2017). What do we mean by'community resilience'? A systematic literature review of how it is defined in the literature. PLoS currents, 9.
Räsänen, A., Lein, H., Bird, D., & Setten, G. (2020). Conceptualizing community in disaster risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 45, 101485.
Ricciuti, E., & Calo, F. (2018). NGOs and governance. In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer.
Saja, A. M. A. (2020). Surrogate approach to assess social resilience in disaster management (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology).
Scherzer, S., Lujala, P., & Rød, J. K. (2019). A community resilience index for Norway: An adaptation of the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 36, 101107.
Seddiky, M. A., Giggins, H., & Gajendran, T. (2020). International principles of disaster risk reduction informing NGOs strategies for community based DRR mainstreaming: The Bangladesh context. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48, 101580.
Sellberg, M. M., Wilkinson, C., & Peterson, G. D. (2015). Resilience assessment: A useful approach to navigate urban sustainability challenges. Ecology and Society, 20(1), 43.
Sharifi, A. (2016). A critical review of selected tools for assessing community resilience. Ecological Indicators, 69, 629-647.
Singh, R. B., Srinagesh, B., & Anand, S. (Eds.). (2020). Urban health risk and resilience in Asian cities. Springer Nature.
Storr, V. H., & Haeffele-Balch, S. (2012). Post-disaster community recovery in heterogeneous, loosely connected communities. Review of Social Economy, 70(3), 295-314.
Vatnparast, A., Aynehchian, A., & Nastran, Y. (2005). A study of the role of non-governmental organizations in crisis management with an analysis of the experience of the Iranian Green Front. The First Comprehensive International Conference on Crisis in Unexpected Events, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Wong, H., & Terry Leung, T. F. (2006). Roles of the civil society in facing public disaster: NGOs in Hong Kong in responding to the SARS crisis. Asia-Pacific Branch ICSD Biennial Conference on Globalisation, Development and Human Security in the Asia Pacific Region, (pp. 1-19)
World Health Organization. (2020). Risk communication and community engagement readiness and response to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 19 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/RCCE/2020.2). World Health Organization.
Zhao Y. (2013). Social networks and reduction of risk in disasters: An example of the Wenchuan Earthquake. In M. T. Yap, & W. J. Yeung (Eds.), Economic stress human capital and families in Asia (pp. 171-182). London: Springer.