Conceptualization and modeling of urban health measurement in urban and regional studies

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Master student, , urban and regional planning department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Iran University of Science and Technology(iust), Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant professor, urban and regional planning department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Iran University of Science and Technology(iust), Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jurbangeo.2024.358874.1818

Abstract

Paying attention to the changes resulting from the globalization of the urbanization phenomenon is undeniable in order to face the challenges in the field of urban health. Urban life and the resulting tensions, chronic and contagious diseases, natural and artificial injuries, affect the physical, emotional and mental performance of citizens; Isolation and the stress caused by it put the ability of the residents under the radius. urban health will work to improve the mentioned cases. The present study was developed with the aim of providing a conceptual framework for measuring urban health using qualitative methods. This research examines the macro theories supporting urban health, examines conceptual models for understanding and evaluating urban health at various scales, identifying and extracting indicators affecting urban health in a general sense in the world by benefiting from documentary and library sources and combining theoretical and experimental bases according to the previous stages. And finally, the presentation and design of the conceptual model of urban health assessment has been discussed. The findings from the studies of the last four years show that urban health has been generalized in cities more than any other scale, and the researchers emphasize the subjective studies obtained from it. Also, the examination of all types of health in health studies indicates a multi-way relationship between all the components affecting health. Factors and dimensions affecting urban health in different periods of time and according to the structure, problems and leading challenges of cities are different and are constantly changing.

Keywords

References

  1. Abraham Cottagiri, S., Villeneuve, P. J., Raina, P., Griffith, L. E., Rainham, D., Dales, R., Peters, C. E., Ross, N. A., & Crouse, D. L. (2022). Increased urban greenness associated with improved mental health among middle-aged and older adults of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Environmental research, 206, 112587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112587
  2. Ahmadi, M., Hataminejad, H., Pourahmad, A., Ziari, K., & Zanganeh Shahraki, S. (2019). An Analysis of Variables of the Right to Urban Health (Case Study: Bojnourd, Iran). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 7(2), 285-309. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2019.275558.1055. [in Persian]
  3. Ai, X., Yang, J., Lin, Z., & Wan, X. (2021). Mental Health and the Role of Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 759987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759987
  4. Anderson, D. M., Cronk, R., Fejfar, D., Pak, E., Cawley, M., & Bartram, J. (2021). Safe Healthcare Facilities: A Systematic Review on the Costs of Establishing and Maintaining Environmental Health in Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020817
  5. Arslan, G., & Allen, K. A. (2022). Exploring the association between coronavirus stress, meaning in life, psychological flexibility, and subjective well-being. Psychology, health & medicine, 27(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1876892
  6. Asadzadeh, A., Kötter, T., & Zebardast, E. (2015). an augmented approach for measurement of disaster resilience using connective factor analysis and analytic network process (f’anp) model. International Journal of disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.10.002
  7. Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Brambilla, A., Caracci, F., & Capolongo, S. (2020). Synergies in Design and Health. The role of architects and urban health planners in tackling key contemporary public health challenges. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 91(3-S), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i3-S.9414
  8. Balal, E., & Cheu, R. (2019). a metric-concept map for scoping impact studies of a transportation project on environment and community health. International Journal of transportation Science and Technology, 8(2), 176-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2019.05.005
  9. Barajas, J. M., & Braun, L. M. (2021). Are cycling and walking good for all? Tracking differences in associations among active travel, socioeconomics, gentrification, and self-reported health. Journal of Transport and Health, 23, Article 101246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101246
  10. Bartzokas-Tsiompras, A., Tampouraki, E., & Photis, Y. (2020). is walkability equally distributed among downtowners? evaluating the pedestrian streetscapes of eight european capitals using a micro-scale audit approach. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 4(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.2495/tdi-v4-n1-75-92
  11. Bentley, I., Alcock, A., Murrain, P., McGlynn, S., & Smit, G. (2003). Responsive environments: a manual for designers. (Mostafa Behzadfar Ed). Iran University of Science and Technology Press, (Original Work published  1985). [in Persian]
  12. Bibri, S. (2021). A novel model for data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: the institutional transformations required for balancing and advancing the three goals of sustainability. Energy Informatics, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-021-00138-8
  13. Boyle, K. (2021). Easing pressures How work, money and homes can make our cities healthier and fairer.
  14. Buecker, S., Simacek, T., Ingwersen, B., Terwiel, S., & Simonsmeier, B. A. (2021). Physical activity and subjective well-being in healthy individuals: a meta-analytic review. Health psychology review, 15(4), 574–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1760728
  15. Chapman, J., Malacova, E., Patterson, S., Reavley, N., Wyder, M., Brown, W., … & Scott, J. (2021). psychosocial and lifestyle predictors of distress and well-being in people with mental illness during the covid-19 pandemic. Australasian Psychiatry, 29(6), 617-624. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211025040
  16. Chen, W., Yong, W., Ren, Y., Yan, H., & Shen, C. (2022). a novel methodology (wm-tcm) for urban health examination: a case study of wuhan in china. Ecological Indicators, 136, 108602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108602
  17. City of Sydney Community Wellbeing Indicators Report. (2019). City of Sydney Strategy and Urban Analytics Unit; available at cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/community-indicators.
  18. Clarke, Juanne N. (Juanne Nancarrow), 1944- author.  Health, illness, and medicine in Canada. 2021.  Ed, Eighth edition. Don Mills, Ontario : Oxford University Press.
  19. Cooper, B., Behnke, N., Cronk, R., Anthonj, C., Shackelford, B., Tu, R., … & Bartram, J. (2021). environmental health conditions in the transitional stage of forcible displacement: a systematic scoping review. the Science of the Total environment, 762, 143136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143136
  20. Crane, M., Lloyd, S., Haines, A., Ding, D., Hutchinson, E., Belesova, K., Davies, M., Osrin, D., Zimmermann, N., Capon, A., Wilkinson, P., & Turcu, C. (2021). Transforming cities for sustainability: A health perspective. Environment international, 147, 106366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106366
  21. de Leeuw, E., Simos, J. (2022). Healthy Cities. In: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_281-1
  22. Diez Roux, A., Slesinski, C., Alazraqui, M., Caiaffa, W., Frenz, P., Fuchs, R., … & Vives, A. (2018). a novel international partnership for actionable evidence on urban health in latin america: lac‐urban health and salurbal. Global Challenges, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201800013
  23. Ezell, J. M., Ompad, D. C., & Walters, S. (2021). How urban and rural built environments influence the health attitudes and behaviors of people who use drugs. Health & place, 69, 102578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102578
  24. Granlund, M., Imms, C., King, G., Andersson, A. K., Augustine, L., Brooks, R., Danielsson, H., Gothilander, J., Ivarsson, M., Lundqvist, L. O., Lygnegård, F., & Almqvist, L. (2021). Definitions and Operationalization of Mental Health Problems, Wellbeing and Participation Constructs in Children with NDD: Distinctions and Clarifications. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041656
  25. Guys and St Thomas’ Charity. (2017). Personal perspectives on urban health and wellbeing Insights on the assets and risks of urban environment, diversity and deprivation, www.gsttcharity.org.uk.
  26. Halkos, G., & Gkampoura, E. (2021). where do we stand on the 17 sustainable development goals? an overview on progress. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70, 94-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.02.001
  27. Harding C A, Gunzenhauser  J D,  Community Health Improvement Plan for Los Angeles County 2015-2020.  Updates to this document available at: www.thinkhealthla.org or www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/plan.
  28. Heidari, M., HoseinPour, M., Ardebili, M., & Yoosefee, S. (2022). the association of the spiritual health and psychological well-being of teachers with their organizational commitment. BMC Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00768-x
  29. Huang, C., Yang, J., Lu, H., Huang, H., & Yu, L. (2017). green spaces as an indicator of urban health: evaluating its changes in 28 mega-cities. Remote Sensing, 9(12), 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121266
  30. ICSU Planning Group. (2017). Health and Wellbeing in the Changing Urban Environment: a Systems Analysis Approach An Interdisciplinary Science Plan. 2011.
  31. Kamp, I. v., Leidelmeijer, K., Marsman, G., & Hollander, A. d. (2003). Urban environmental quality and human well-being. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(1-2), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(02)00232-3
  32. Karlsson, A., & Svedling, E. (2018) ,Sweden’s work on global health implementing the 2030 Agenda.
  33. Keshavarzi, G., Yildirim, Y., & Arefi, M. (2021). does scale matter? an overview of the “smart cities” literature. Sustainable cities and Society, 74, 103151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103151
  34. Khalid, Z., & Radi Abaas, Z. (2021). theoretical structure of eco-cities: subject review. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 754(1), 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/754/1/012020
  35. Khalili, A., Heidarzadeh, E., & Sedaghatnia, S. (2015). Measuring the New Principles of Urbanism Approachand Presenting Action Solutions in Neighborhoods Scale, Case Study: the Bololsar Coastal Township Neighborhoods. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7(13), 275-292. [in Persian]
  36. Konigsburg, J. (2022). modern warfare, spiritual health, and the role of artificial intelligence. Religions, 13(4), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040343
  37. Koohsari, M. J., McCormack, G. R., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Yasunaga, A., Nakaya, T., & Oka, K. (2021). The relationship between walk score® and perceived walkability in ultrahigh density areas. Preventive medicine reports, 23, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101393. [2]
  38. Koohsari, M. J., Nakaya, T., McCormack, G. R., & Oka, K. (2021). Built environment design and cancer prevention through the lens of inequality. Cities, 119, 103385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103385. [3]
  39. Koohsari, M. J., Nakaya, T., McCormack, G. R., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Yasunaga, A., … & Oka, K. (2021). Traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214, 104184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104184.[1]
  40. Lak, A., Hakimian, P., & Sharifi, A. (2021). an evaluative model for assessing pandemic resilience at the neighborhood level: the case of tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103410
  41. Lee, S. (2021). The safety of public space: urban design guidelines for neighborhood park planning. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 15(2), 222-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2021.1887323
  42. Li, X., Zhou, L., Jia, T., Peng, R., Fu, X., & Zou, Y. (2020). Associating COVID-19 Severity with Urban Factors: A Case Study of Wuhan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186712
  43. Liu, Z., Ma, R., & Wang, H. (2022). assessing urban resilience to public health disaster using the rough analytic hierarchy process method: a regional study in china. Journal of Safety Science and resilience, 3(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.12.003
  44. Łuczak, A. and Just, M. (2021). sustainable development of territorial units: mcdm approach with optimal tail selection. Ecological Modelling, 457, 109674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109674
  45. Manwell, L., Barbic, S., Roberts, K., Durisko, Z., Lee, C., Ware, E., … & McKenzie, K. (2015). what is mental health? evidence towards a new definition from a mixed methods multidisciplinary international survey. BMJ Open, 5(6), e007079-e007079. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007079
  46. McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R., & Cumbers, A. (2019). defining health and health inequalities. Public health, 172, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.023
  47. McDougall, C., Hanley, N., & Oliver, D. (2022). blue space exposure, health and well-being: does freshwater type matter?. landscape and urban planning, 224, 104446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104446
  48. Michaelson V., Brooks F., Jirásek I., Inchley J., Whitehead R, King N., Walsh S., Davison C. M., Mazur J., Pickett W. (2016). Developmental patterns of adolescent spiritual health in six countries. SSM - Population Health, 2, 294-303, ISSN 2352-8273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.03.006.
  49. Michalos, A. C. (2014). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Germany: Springer Netherlands.
  50. Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A. T., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in tehran, iran. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069
  51. Mouratidis, K. (2019). Compact city, urban sprawl, and subjective well-being. Cities, 92, 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.013
  52. Mouratidis, K., & Yiannakou, A. (2022). covid-19 and urban planning: built environment, health, and well-being in greek cities before and during the pandemic. Cities, 121, 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103491
  53. Mueller, N., Daher, C., Rojas-Rueda, D., Delgado, L., Vicioso, H., Gascón, M., … & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2021). Integrating health indicators into urban and transport planning: a narrative literature review and participatory process. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 235, 113772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113772
  54. Nawarathna, K. G. D. N., & Wickramarathne, P. D. V. C. (2021). The Impact Of Physical Wellness Challenges For University Athletes In Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, 4(1), 592–597. Retrieved from https://mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIR/article/view/2266
  55. New South Wales. (2020). Healthy Built Environment Checklist-A guide for considering health in development policies, plans and proposals, NSW Ministry of Health, (2020), ISBN: 978-1-76081-302-4
  56. Ng, E., Yuan, C., Chen, L., Ren, C., & Fung, J. (2011). improving the wind environment in high-density cities by understanding urban morphology and surface roughness: a study in hong kong. Landscape and urban Planning, 101(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.01.004
  57. Nichani, V., Koohsari, M., Oka, K., Nakaya, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., … & McCormack, G. (2020). associations between the traditional and novel neighbourhood built environment metrics and weight status among canadian men and women. Can J Public Health, 112(1), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00365-8
  58. Obringer, R. & Nateghi, R. (2021). what makes a city ‘smart’ in the anthropocene? a critical review of smart cities under climate change. Sustainable cities and Society, 75, 103278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103278
  59. Pakzad, J. (2010). An Intellectua History Of Urbanism (1). Ideal to Reality. Shahidi - Armanshahr Publication. [in Persian]
  60. Park, K. (2013) .Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 22nd Edition. M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur.
  61. Phillips, W. J., & Hine, D. W. (2021). Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviour: a meta-analysis. Health psychology review, 15(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872
  62. Pietra, C., Lotto, R. D., & Bahshwan, R. (2021). Approaching healthy city ontology: first-level classes definition using bfo. Sustainability, 13(24), 13844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413844
  63. Plante, C., Missiuna, S., Neudorf, C. (2020). Urban Income-Related Health Inequalities in Canada: City-Level Results in Health System Self-Reported Indicator Indicators. Saskatoon: Urban Public Saskatoon: Urban Public.
  64. Raine, K. Church, J., Boulé, N., Slater, L., Marko, J., Gibbons, K. e Hemphill, E., S. J. (2008). State of the Evidence Review on Urban Health and Healthy Weights Canadian Institute for Health Information. (Ottawa: CIHI,).
  65. Ratanasiripong, P., Ratanasiripong, N., Nungdanjark, W., Thongthammarat, Y., & Toyama, S. (2021). mental health and burnout among teachers in thailand. Journal of health Research, 36(3), 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhr-05-2020-0181
  66. Ribeiro, A. I., & Hoffimann, E. (2018). Development of a Neighbourhood Walkability Index for Porto Metropolitan Area. How Strongly Is Walkability Associated with Walking for Transport?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(12), 2767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122767
  67. Rojas-Rueda, D., & Morales-Zamora, E. (2021). Built Environment, Transport, and COVID-19: a Review. Current environmental health reports, 8(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-021-00307-7
  68. Rydin, Y., Bleahu, A., Davies, M., Dávila, J. D., Friel, S., De Grandis, G., Groce, N., Hallal, P. C., Hamilton, I., Howden-Chapman, P., Lai, K. M., Lim, C. J., Martins, J., Osrin, D., Ridley, I., Scott, I., Taylor, M., Wilkinson, P., & Wilson, J. (2012). Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. Lancet (London, England), 379(9831), 2079–2108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60435-8
  69. Shaaban, K. (2019). Assessing Sidewalk and Corridor Walkability in Developing Countries. Sustainability, 11(14), 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143865
  70. Shaer, A., & Haghshenas, H. (2021). The impacts of COVID-19 on older adults' active transportation mode usage in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of transport & health, 23, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101244
  71. Sharifi A. (2021). Urban sustainability assessment: An overview and bibliometric analysis, Ecological Indicators, Volume 121, 2021, 107102, ISSN 1470-160X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107102
  72. Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. The Science of the total environment, 749, 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
  73. Sharifian Barforoush, S. S., & Mofidi Shemirani, S. M. (2015). The morphological criteria of Ecocity from the perspective of theorists. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 11(31), 99-108. [in Persian]
  74. Shaver, N., Michaelson, V., Whitehead, R., Pickett, W., Brooks, F., & Inchley, J. (2020). structural validity of a brief scale adapted to measure adolescent spiritual health. SSM - Population health, 12, 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100670
  75. Slade, M., & Schrank, B. (2017). Conceptual Framework for Wellbeing in Psychosis. 2017.In M. Slade, L. Oades, & A. Jarden (Eds.), Wellbeing, Recovery and Mental Health (pp. 59-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316339275.007
  76. Song, Z., Ye, X., & Ren, S. (2021). Impact of eco-city construction on firm innovation in the case of china. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(28), 37547-37561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13088-1
  77. The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning . (2019). 20-Minute Neighbourhoods, Creating a more liveable Melbourne, ISBN 978-1-76077-704-3 (PDF) , This document is also available on the internet at www.delwp.vic.gov.au.
  78. Tiong, C. S., Lean, Q. Y., Ming, L. C., Abdullah, A. M., Mahalingam, S. R., Arshad, K., … & Hock, L. S. (2021). Knowledge, perceptions of risks, attitudes and practices of environmental health among university students in northern malaysia. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 59(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2019.1708776
  79. Tonne, C., Adair, L. S., Adlakha, D., Anguelovski, I., Belesova, K., Berger, M., … & Adli, M. (2021). Defining pathways to healthy sustainable urban development. Environment International, 146, 106236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106236
  80. Tsaligopoulos, A. and Matsinos, Y. (2022). approaching quietness as an urban sustainability opportunity. Environments, 9(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9020012
  81. Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli‐Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemelä, J., … & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: a literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
  82. Urban Nexus. (2013).  Health and Quality of Life In Urban Areas.
  83. Voukelatou, V., Gabrielli, L., Miliou, I., Cresci, S., Sharma, R., Tesconi, M., … & Pappalardo, L. (2021). measuring objective and subjective well-being: dimensions and data sources. International Journal of data Science and Analytics, 11(4), 279-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-020-00224-2
  84. Wali, B., & Frank, L. (2021). neighborhood-level covid-19 hospitalizations and mortality relationships with built environment, active and sedentary travel. Health & Place, 71, 102659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102659
  85. Wang, R., Lu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). the relationship between visual enclosure for neighbourhood street walkability and elders’ mental health in china: using street view images. Journal of Transport & health, 13, 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.02.009
  86. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2016). Urban Green Space and Health: Intervention Impacts and Effectiveness, Web site: www.euro.who.int.
  87. Wren-Lewis, S., & Alexandrova, A. (2021). mental health without well-being. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy a Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 46(6), 684-703. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab032
  88. Xu, W., Xiang, L., Proverbs, D., & Xiong, S. (2020). the influence of covid-19 on community disaster resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010088
  89. Yang, J., Jin, S., Xiao, X., Cui, J., Xia, J., Li, X., … & Wang, S. (2019). local climate zone ventilation and urban land surface temperatures: towards a performance-based and wind-sensitive planning proposal in megacities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47, 101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101487
  90. Yang, M., Dijst, M., Faber, J., & Helbich, M. (2020). Using structural equation modeling to examine pathways between perceived residential green space and mental health among internal migrants in China. Environmental research, 183, 109121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109121
  91. Yang, X. and Lo, K. (2021). environmental health research and the covid-19 pandemic: a turning point towards sustainability. Environmental Research, 197, 111157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111157
  92. Zeng, X., Yu, Y., Yang, S., Lv, Y., & Sarker, N. (2022). urban resilience for urban sustainability: concepts, dimensions, and perspectives. Sustainability, 14(5), 2481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052481
Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)
Volume 11, Issue 4
January 2024
Pages 1-31

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics