The effect of social factors of place in informal settlements on the social empowerment of residents the Case study of informal settlements of Tabriz city

Document Type : Research article

Authors

Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

10.22059/jurbangeo.2024.371155.1908

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Empowerment is one of the most effective ways to improve the situation of informal settlements. The social dimension of empowerment is the concern of many thinkers who consider it effective in solving the problems of marginalization. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of social factors of place in informal settlements on the social empowerment of its residents. Regarding the data collection and analysis method, the current research is of the correlation type and is based on the structural equation model. The library and field data collection method is a questionnaire that is completed with a sample of 150 people from the informal areas of Tabriz city. This research evaluated social factors of place, the independent variable, and social empowerment as the dependent variable. Based on the findings of the research in the theoretical part of social factors affecting the place of two factors, social capital and sense of security, in the informal settlements of Tabriz city, there is a significant relationship between the social factors of the place that affect the body of these settlements and social empowerment (awareness, interaction, and social participation). Also, the factor of social capital has a greater impact on social empowerment than the factor of sense of place security. Among the criteria of social capital, the criterion of social belonging and the components of a sense of security, supervision, and control have the most significant impact on the social empowerment of residents. Therefore, the use of public space, the existence of mixed uses, and the improvement of visual accessibility will impact the social empowerment of the residents of informal settlements
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The unbalanced and rapid physical development of cities has many adverse economic, social, and physical consequences, one of which is the development of informal settlements, and the empowerment strategy for organizing these settlements has a high place in the world in different economic, social, and psychological dimensions. The social dimension of empowerment concerns many thinkers who consider its effect on marginalization much more than other factors. Social empowerment makes people use their social capacities and potential to progress at different personal and social levels. In terms of people's socialization, being in key social environments and creating social interactions can accelerate the process of people's socialization. Considering that space is a platform that can influence social behaviors and their effects, the research aims to investigate the impact of social factors in the body of informal settlements on the social empowerment of its residents. In this regard, the current research intends to answer the question of what effect the social factors of the place in informal settlements have on the social empowerment of its residents. To achieve success, the impact of these factors must be examined, and the most influential component, the social dimension of the empowerment approach in such contexts, must be introduced for special attention.
 
Methodology
 The research method is based on the objective, applied, and based on the method, descriptive-analytical. The data collection method was carried out in two ways as library and field studies. In other words, the documentary and library method was used in the subject and background literature section, and the questionnaire technique was used in the field studies section. The statistical population of the research is the residents of four informal areas of Tabriz city (north, northwest, south, and southwest areas), and the sample size was considered to be 150. The basic research method is a correlation; in order to evaluate the operational pattern of research and determine the relationship between independent variables (social factors of place) and dependent variables (social empowerment) simultaneously, the multivariate method of modeling structural equations has been used, which is a combination of factor analysis and it uses path analysis. Then, the factor load of each criterion and the position of each component of the theoretical model were determined.
 
Results and discussion
 Based on the existing literature, the findings of the theoretical part of the research show that the factors of social capital and sense of security affect the physicality of the place and that the factor of social capital includes the components of interaction, participation, trust, and social belonging. Also, a sense of security includes the components of permeability, monitoring, control, and activity. According to the analyses carried out to improve informal settlements, paying attention to the social factors affecting the structure of these environments increases the social empowerment of its residents, and the factor of social participation is the most effective factor of social empowerment compared to the two factors of awareness and social interaction.
 
Conclusion
The results of data analysis and structural equation show that, without a doubt, the environment plays an essential role in developing and improving people's social skills and abilities; the presence of people in an environment with constructive communication can cause the transfer of constructive social capacities of people to other fields as well. In fact, it can be said that the social factors affecting the body of the place in the informal settlements of Tabriz have an effect on the social empowerment of its residents. Among the social factors affecting the physicality of the place, the social capital factor has more influence on the social capability of the residents than the sense of security. Among the factors of social capital, the components of social belonging and trust, and among the factors of the sense of security, the components of supervision and control have the most influence. Considering that responding to the social needs of humankind and providing the necessary opportunities for social experiences requires the existence of space, and public space has a huge capacity to respond to this aspect in urban societies, so thinking of measures to realize and increase belonging, social trust and monitoring and control in these neighborhoods and spaces, such as the use of public space, the existence of mixed uses and improving visual access, help to improve the process of residents' participation, and as a result, make empowerment projects successful in the social dimension.
 
Funding
This research is supported by Iranian Urban Regeneration Company with contract number 16997 dated 2022 - 7 - 27.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 The authors express their gratitude to Iran's Urban Regeneration Company and all those who helped us in conducting this research.
 

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  53. Ganjloo A, Saeedi Mofrad S. (2019). Analysis the position of Non-governmental Organizations and Community Based Organization about Informal Settlement empowering through Grounded Theory method. Geographical Research, 34 (4), 483-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/geores.34.4.483 [in Persian].
  54. Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Mosaferi M, Naddafi K. (2013). Environmental Health Problems and Indicators in Tabriz, Iran. Health Promot Perspect, 3(1), 113-123. doi: 10.5681/hpp.2013.013
  55. Haidari Sarban, V. (2021). Investigating the Effects of Social Empowerment on the Political Participation of Rural Women (Case Study: Tabriz County). Geography and Regional Development, 19(1), 177-147. https://doi.org/10.22067/jgrd.2021.50462.0 [in Persian].
  56. Hashempour, P., & sami, Z. (2019). Environmental quality affecting the livability of residential complexes (Case study: residential complex of Emam town, Shahid Chamran and Asemane Tabriz). Motaleate Shahri, 8(30), 55-68. doi: 10.34785/J011.2019.969 [in Persian].
  57. Hashempour, P., & sami, Z. (2019). Environmental quality affecting the livability of residential complexes (Case study: residential complex of Emam town, Shahid Chamran and Asemane Tabriz). Motaleate Shahri, 8(30), 55-68. doi: 10.34785/J011.2019.969 [in Persian].
  58. Hashempour, R., Seyfaei, M., & Salehi, N. (2022). Social empowerment in informal urban settlements based on assets. Journal of Engineering & Construction Management, 7(1), 66-74. [in Persian].
  59. Heidari, A. A., taghipour, M., & bagheri, M. (2023). Investigating the Quality of Permeability of Gateways on the Extent of User Attendance in Bazaar (Case Study: Shiraz Traditional Bazaar). Motaleate Shahri, 12(46), 17-32. doi: 10.34785/J011.2023.119 [in Persian].
  60. Hosseini, A., Finn, B.M., & Momeni, A. (2023). The complexities of urban informality: A multi-dimensional analysis of residents' perceptions of life, inequality, and access in an Iranian informal settlement, cities, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104099
  61. Hsueh, H.-Y. (2019). The role of household social capital in post-disaster recovery: An empirical study in Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 39(2), 101-199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101199
  62. Ismowati, M., & Subhan, A. (2018). Implementasi program pemberdayaan sosial kegiatan rehabilitasi sosial rumah tidak layak huni (RTLH) bagi masyarakat miskin di kabupaten Pandeglang. Transparansi: Jurnal Ilmiah Adminestrasi, 1(2), 194-205.
  63. jahani Dolatabad, E., & jahani Dolatabad, R. (2018). Solutions for Empowering Low Income Groups Relying on Domestic Jobs. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 9(36), 104-140. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2018.9598[ in Persian].
  64. Jamali Haji Hassan Sofla, E., & Nematollahi Bonab, S. (2021). examining and evaluating the role of citizens and their social participation in achieving sustainable urban development goals (case example: city of tabriz). Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 95–112. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.16.4 [in Persian].
  65. Kang, Y. (2020). Social empowerment through knowledge transfer: Transborder actions of Hong Kong social workers in mainland China. China Information, 35(3).
  66. Kellett, P. (2011). Contemporary vernaculars: Informal housing processes and vernacular theory. ISVS e-Journal, 2(1), 1-11.
  67. Khorasani Moghadam, S., Mozaffar, F., & Hosseini, S. B. (2018). Social Capital Indicators Affecting Resident's Satisfaction in Informal Settlements (Case: Farahzad-Tehran, North Farahzad). Social Capital Management, 5(2), 233-261. https://doi.org/10.22059/jscm.2018.255954.1585 [in Persian]
  68. kiani salmi, S., Shaterian, M., & safari, H. (2020). Identification of facilitating factors for the empowerment of Marginalized Neighborhoods of Isfahan (Case Study: Asheghabad Neighborhood). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 8(1), 161-192. https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2019.288058.1154 [in Persian]
  69. Latifi, Gh.R,. Khani, H,. & Khaksari Rafsanjani, A. (2015), urban space, social life (Bastri in the realization of social interactions), Tehran, Negarestane Andisheh Publications. [in Persian]
  70. Madani, R., Einifar, A., Judd, B., & Jalili, M. (2019). Factors Affecting the Development of Sense of Community in Gated Communities: A Case Study of Gated Communities in Hamedan. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 11(25), 163-176. [in Persian].
  71. Marmot, M., & Bell, R. (2011). Social determinants and dental health. Adv Dent Res, 23(2), 6-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034511402079. PMID: 21490231.
  72. Masoud, M., & Haghverdian, F. (2012). The Role of Social Capital on empowerment of the informal settlements (case study: around of Eynak neighborhood in Rasht city). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 7(18), 128 – 140. [in Persian]
  73. Mobarak Bakhshayesh, M., Ahmadi, A., Rajabi, M., & Goli, A. (2023). Residential Stability in Informal Settlements of the City of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 17(34), 241-268. https://doi.org/10.22034/jpai.2023.1986899.1261 [in Persian].
  74. Mohseni Tabrizi, A. R., Moidfar, S., & Golabi, F. (2011). Generational Approach to Examine the Social Trust Amone Different Generations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIOLOGY, 22(1 (41)), 41-70. [in Persian]
  75. Motalebi, G., Khodadadi Agh Ghal’e, F., & Akbari, A. (2016). Effect of the Sense of Security of Housing Satisfaction in Naziabad Residential Complex in Tehran Based On C.P.T.E.D Model. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, 21(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2016.59690 [in Persian]
  76. Nassar, D.M., & Elsayed, H.G. (2018). From informal settlements to sustainable communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 2367-2376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.09.004
  77. Nematollahi, S. (2015). The sociological analysis of unsustanability of urban development in informal settlements of metropolis (case study of Tabriz). Sociological studies, 8 (26), 37-51. [in Persian]
  78. Rasoulzadeh Aghdam, S., adlipour, S., & abedini, S. (2018). A Sociological Study of the Relationship between Social Capital and Cultural Deviance (Case Study: Undergraduate Students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University). Contemporary Sociological Research, 7(12), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.22084/csr.2018.12150.1286 [in Persian].
  79. Sadabadi, A. A., Rahimi Rad, Z. (2021). Social innovation participatory action research for empowerment of marginalized people. Social work and policy, 15(1), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12228
  80. Sadeghi, HMJ., & Asadi, S. (2019). Utilizing sense of community of marginalized areas to achieve sustainable urban development (case study: Ahmedabad neighborhood in Tabriz, Iran). Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal. 3(2), 85-96. DOI: 10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00112
  81. Sadeghpour, B., & Moradi, V. (2010). Statistical analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. Mazandaran University. [in Persian]
  82. Sadeghy, N., Zabihi, H., & Eslami, S. G. (2015). Comparative Analysis about Third Space location and cognitive map of citizen safety feeling, Toward a strategy to reduce fear of crime- Case study: Esfahan. Spatial Planning, 5(2), 93-116. [in Persian]
  83. Safaralizadeh, E., akbari, M., boostan Ahmadi, V., & Mousavi, C. (2022). Investigating the Indices of Social Capital and its Relationship with Sustainable Urban Development. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 22(66):105-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jgs.22.66.105 [in Persian]
  84. Sahmpoor, H., Maroofnezhad, A. (2022). Analysis of the Level of Satisfaction Residents of Informal Settlements Using the Codas Model (Case study: City Of Port Imam Khomeini). Geography, Urban and Regional Studies, 10(40), 21-40. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20087845.1400.10.40.2.0 [in Persian]
  85. Sajjadi, S. M., Danaeinia, A., & Divandari, J. (2022). Improving Housing Security based on the Explanation of Visual Access Indicators in Historical Houses of Bushehr. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 15(40), 85-100. [in Persian]
  86. Samadzad, S. (2024). Investigating the impact of empowerment on entrepreneurship with emphasis on social innovation in informal settlements in Tabriz. International Journal of Innovation in Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 3(4), 35–47.
  87. Sargolzaee Javan, T., & Hadyani, Z. (2017). Investigating the Feasibility of Empowering the Informal Settlements Quarters by Increasing the Social Capital (Case Study: Shir-Abad Quarter of Zahedan). Social Welfare Quarterly. 16(63), 185-214. [in Persian]
  88. Sharifinia, Z., Nura, M.R., & Sanadgol, M. (2011). Improvement and Organization of Informal Habitation with Emphasis on Economic, Social, Anatomical and Environmental Indicators Case Study: In Azadshahr (Gholam Tape Bazi District). Quarterly Geographical Journal of Territory, 8(30), 121 - 134. [in Persian]
  89. shaterian, M., & Kayani Salma, S. (2017). Investigation and Comparing Dimensions of Empowerment among Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Mashhad Backyard Neighborhood & Taher and Mansour Neighborhood of Kashan). Journal of Urban Social Geography, 3(4), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.22103/juas.2017.1780 [in Persian]
  90. Shaterian, M., & Mirzaei, A. (2022). Evaluation of Youth Empowerment in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Ali Ibn Abitaleb Neighbourhood, Arak City). Spatial Planning, 12(4), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2023.136704.1698 [in Persian]
  91. Shojaee, D., & Partovi, P. (2015). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Creation and Promotion of Sociability in Public Spaces in Different Scales of Tehran City (Case studies: Two Neighborhoods and an Area in District 7 Tehran).  Bagh-e Nazar, 12(34), 93-108. [in Persian]
  92. Straub, A. M., Gray, B. J., Ritchie, L. A., & Gill, D. A. (2020). Cultivating disaster resilience in rural Oklahoma: Community disenfranchisement and relational aspects of social capital, Journal of Rural Studies, 73(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.12.010
  93. Susilawati, S. (2016). Pengembangan ekowisata sebagai salah satu upaya pemberdayaan sosial, budaya dan ekonomi di masyarakat. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 8(1), 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/gea.v8i1.1690
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  95. Tanzilt, T. (2018). Community Empowerment Strategy Based on Social and Cultural Capital of Coastal Communities at Makassar Island. Earth and Environmental Science. 156.
  96. Úcar Martínez, X., Jiménez-Morales, M., Soler Masó, P., & Trilla Bernet, J. (2017). Exploring the conceptualization and research of empowerment in the field of youth. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1209120
  97. UN-Habitat. (2013). The State of the World Cities Report 2012/13.
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Keywords

References

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  17. Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Mosaferi M, Naddafi K. (2013). Environmental Health Problems and Indicators in Tabriz, Iran. Health Promot Perspect, 3(1), 113-123. doi: 10.5681/hpp.2013.013
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  19. Hashempour, P., & sami, Z. (2019). Environmental quality affecting the livability of residential complexes (Case study: residential complex of Emam town, Shahid Chamran and Asemane Tabriz). Motaleate Shahri, 8(30), 55-68. doi: 10.34785/J011.2019.969 [in Persian].
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  21. Hashempour, R., Seyfaei, M., & Salehi, N. (2022). Social empowerment in informal urban settlements based on assets. Journal of Engineering & Construction Management, 7(1), 66-74. [in Persian].
  22. Heidari, A. A., taghipour, M., & bagheri, M. (2023). Investigating the Quality of Permeability of Gateways on the Extent of User Attendance in Bazaar (Case Study: Shiraz Traditional Bazaar). Motaleate Shahri, 12(46), 17-32. doi: 10.34785/J011.2023.119 [in Persian].
  23. Hosseini, A., Finn, B.M., & Momeni, A. (2023). The complexities of urban informality: A multi-dimensional analysis of residents' perceptions of life, inequality, and access in an Iranian informal settlement, cities, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104099
  24. Hsueh, H.-Y. (2019). The role of household social capital in post-disaster recovery: An empirical study in Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 39(2), 101-199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101199
  25. Ismowati, M., & Subhan, A. (2018). Implementasi program pemberdayaan sosial kegiatan rehabilitasi sosial rumah tidak layak huni (RTLH) bagi masyarakat miskin di kabupaten Pandeglang. Transparansi: Jurnal Ilmiah Adminestrasi, 1(2), 194-205.
  26. jahani Dolatabad, E., & jahani Dolatabad, R. (2018). Solutions for Empowering Low Income Groups Relying on Domestic Jobs. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 9(36), 104-140. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2018.9598[ in Persian].
  27. Jamali Haji Hassan Sofla, E., & Nematollahi Bonab, S. (2021). examining and evaluating the role of citizens and their social participation in achieving sustainable urban development goals (case example: city of tabriz). Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 95–112. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.16.4 [in Persian].
  28. Kang, Y. (2020). Social empowerment through knowledge transfer: Transborder actions of Hong Kong social workers in mainland China. China Information, 35(3).
  29. Kellett, P. (2011). Contemporary vernaculars: Informal housing processes and vernacular theory. ISVS e-Journal, 2(1), 1-11.
  30. Khorasani Moghadam, S., Mozaffar, F., & Hosseini, S. B. (2018). Social Capital Indicators Affecting Resident's Satisfaction in Informal Settlements (Case: Farahzad-Tehran, North Farahzad). Social Capital Management, 5(2), 233-261. https://doi.org/10.22059/jscm.2018.255954.1585 [in Persian]
  31. kiani salmi, S., Shaterian, M., & safari, H. (2020). Identification of facilitating factors for the empowerment of Marginalized Neighborhoods of Isfahan (Case Study: Asheghabad Neighborhood). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 8(1), 161-192. https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2019.288058.1154 [in Persian]
  32. Latifi, Gh.R,. Khani, H,. & Khaksari Rafsanjani, A. (2015), urban space, social life (Bastri in the realization of social interactions), Tehran, Negarestane Andisheh Publications. [in Persian]
  33. Madani, R., Einifar, A., Judd, B., & Jalili, M. (2019). Factors Affecting the Development of Sense of Community in Gated Communities: A Case Study of Gated Communities in Hamedan. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 11(25), 163-176. [in Persian].
  34. Marmot, M., & Bell, R. (2011). Social determinants and dental health. Adv Dent Res, 23(2), 6-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034511402079. PMID: 21490231.
  35. Masoud, M., & Haghverdian, F. (2012). The Role of Social Capital on empowerment of the informal settlements (case study: around of Eynak neighborhood in Rasht city). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 7(18), 128 – 140. [in Persian]
  36. Mobarak Bakhshayesh, M., Ahmadi, A., Rajabi, M., & Goli, A. (2023). Residential Stability in Informal Settlements of the City of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 17(34), 241-268. https://doi.org/10.22034/jpai.2023.1986899.1261 [in Persian].
  37. Mohseni Tabrizi, A. R., Moidfar, S., & Golabi, F. (2011). Generational Approach to Examine the Social Trust Amone Different Generations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIOLOGY, 22(1 (41)), 41-70. [in Persian]
  38. Motalebi, G., Khodadadi Agh Ghal’e, F., & Akbari, A. (2016). Effect of the Sense of Security of Housing Satisfaction in Naziabad Residential Complex in Tehran Based On C.P.T.E.D Model. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, 21(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2016.59690 [in Persian]
  39. Nassar, D.M., & Elsayed, H.G. (2018). From informal settlements to sustainable communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 2367-2376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.09.004
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  41. Rasoulzadeh Aghdam, S., adlipour, S., & abedini, S. (2018). A Sociological Study of the Relationship between Social Capital and Cultural Deviance (Case Study: Undergraduate Students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University). Contemporary Sociological Research, 7(12), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.22084/csr.2018.12150.1286 [in Persian].
  42. Sadabadi, A. A., Rahimi Rad, Z. (2021). Social innovation participatory action research for empowerment of marginalized people. Social work and policy, 15(1), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12228
  43. Sadeghi, HMJ., & Asadi, S. (2019). Utilizing sense of community of marginalized areas to achieve sustainable urban development (case study: Ahmedabad neighborhood in Tabriz, Iran). Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal. 3(2), 85-96. DOI: 10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00112
  44. Sadeghpour, B., & Moradi, V. (2010). Statistical analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. Mazandaran University. [in Persian]
  45. Sadeghy, N., Zabihi, H., & Eslami, S. G. (2015). Comparative Analysis about Third Space location and cognitive map of citizen safety feeling, Toward a strategy to reduce fear of crime- Case study: Esfahan. Spatial Planning, 5(2), 93-116. [in Persian]
  46. Safaralizadeh, E., akbari, M., boostan Ahmadi, V., & Mousavi, C. (2022). Investigating the Indices of Social Capital and its Relationship with Sustainable Urban Development. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 22(66):105-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jgs.22.66.105 [in Persian]
  47. Sahmpoor, H., Maroofnezhad, A. (2022). Analysis of the Level of Satisfaction Residents of Informal Settlements Using the Codas Model (Case study: City Of Port Imam Khomeini). Geography, Urban and Regional Studies, 10(40), 21-40. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20087845.1400.10.40.2.0 [in Persian]
  48. Sajjadi, S. M., Danaeinia, A., & Divandari, J. (2022). Improving Housing Security based on the Explanation of Visual Access Indicators in Historical Houses of Bushehr. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 15(40), 85-100. [in Persian]
  49. Samadzad, S. (2024). Investigating the impact of empowerment on entrepreneurship with emphasis on social innovation in informal settlements in Tabriz. International Journal of Innovation in Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 3(4), 35–47.
  50. Sargolzaee Javan, T., & Hadyani, Z. (2017). Investigating the Feasibility of Empowering the Informal Settlements Quarters by Increasing the Social Capital (Case Study: Shir-Abad Quarter of Zahedan). Social Welfare Quarterly. 16(63), 185-214. [in Persian]
  51. Sharifinia, Z., Nura, M.R., & Sanadgol, M. (2011). Improvement and Organization of Informal Habitation with Emphasis on Economic, Social, Anatomical and Environmental Indicators Case Study: In Azadshahr (Gholam Tape Bazi District). Quarterly Geographical Journal of Territory, 8(30), 121 - 134. [in Persian]
  52. shaterian, M., & Kayani Salma, S. (2017). Investigation and Comparing Dimensions of Empowerment among Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Mashhad Backyard Neighborhood & Taher and Mansour Neighborhood of Kashan). Journal of Urban Social Geography, 3(4), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.22103/juas.2017.1780 [in Persian]
  53. Shaterian, M., & Mirzaei, A. (2022). Evaluation of Youth Empowerment in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Ali Ibn Abitaleb Neighbourhood, Arak City). Spatial Planning, 12(4), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2023.136704.1698 [in Persian]
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Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR)
Volume 11, Issue 4
January 2024
Pages 237-256

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