استخراج و تحلیل ساختاری مؤلفه‌های حکمروایی خوب در مخاطرات شهری ایران

ABSTRACT
More than half the world’s population lives in cities and urban areas. The increasing expansion of cities and the influx of population into these areas, without regard to the urban context and capacity, in addition to exacerbating poverty, unemployment, and insecurity, has led to environmental pollution and ultimately reduced citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of life in cities. Furthermore, today, increasing vulnerability and decreasing resilience of the city and its inhabitants to various human, natural, technological, and biological hazards, and even war and terror, can be considered a serious and growing threat to the safety and well-being of citizens. Therefore, it is necessary for urban management, in line with this diversity of hazards, to provide a coordinated, broad, efficient, and comprehensive mechanism for controlling, reducing, and building urban resilience. Urban governance is a successful strategy based on accepted global principles used to address and manage the challenges mentioned. This study aims to conceptualize and structurally analyze the components of governance in the face of urban hazards and to determine the extent and manner of influence of these components to achieve the vision of good urban governance. The present research is, in terms of purpose, applied, and in terms of nature and method, descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done in two ways: library and field (questionnaire). In the field section, in order to utilize the opinions of experts and structural modeling in MIC MAC software, 50 academic experts and urban managers were used. Finally, 34 components based on the global principles of good governance and in accordance with urban hazard management in Iran were conceptualized in the findings section. Among the selected components, 10 key drivers with the greatest impact on the realization of governance in urban hazards were identified. The results of this analysis also showed that, based on the total impact of the components, the principles of effectiveness and efficiency, each with three components, have the most significant impact on the realization of governance in the face of urban hazards in Iran
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Hazard is an inevitable reality in social life and in its essence, it is the context for the formation of threats and opportunities that, depending on their type, intensity, and environmental scope, can put various systems in difficult conditions. In many countries, urban growth and resource challenges, on the one hand, and environmental and ecological disasters, on the other, have turned cities into centers of hazard production. These challenges constantly impose acute, complex, and chaotic conditions on cities, which no single actor can manage alone and require a collective capacity to increase response rapidly. Establishing this operational method of urban hazard management in traditional and reactive ways is not possible, and it requires the implementation of an effective, accountable, transparent, and efficient hazard management system that, while taking effective action in preventing and preparing urban communities against hazards, takes efficient measures to manage the scene (during and after the hazard). Urban policymakers have found no way to manage and respond to the emerging complexities of the contemporary city other than creating a foundation for the development of democracy. This new form of management is called the good governance movement and has urban origins. While coordinating multiple actors in the urban sphere, urban governance in hazards seeks to provide the necessary readiness to manage before, during, and after the hazard in the form of a defined strategy and in cooperation with the international community and local management.
Iran, with a history of 31 hazards occurring out of 41 identified hazards, is recognized as a country with high vulnerability to hazards. The vastness and geographical diversity, location in the world’s arid belt, high potential for seismicity, bitter experiences of floods and droughts, subsidence and high water stress on the one hand, and bitter experiences of manufactured and technological hazards such as explosions, fires, social unrest, and the rapid growth of false urbanization all testify to the fact that Iran is a territory prone to accepting hazards on various scales. Meanwhile, cities, as a territory that houses more than 60% of Iran’s population, have always been more exposed to large-scale and destructive hazards.
For this purpose, the present study seeks to explain the practical concept of good governance in the face of urban hazards in Iran and to analyze how its components relate to and impact each other. In order to achieve this goal, the most important questions this research seeks to answer are:
1.What are the effective components in realizing the strategy of good governance in the face of urban hazards in Iran?
2.What is the pattern of interaction (influence - being influenced) of these components on each other?
3.What are the key drivers in realizing the vision of urban governance in the face of hazards?
 
Methodology
The present research is, in terms of purpose, applied, and in terms of nature and method, descriptive-analytical, and in terms of analysis, is considered part of mixed-method research (quantitative-qualitative). The present study aims to extract and structurally analyze the components of good governance in urban hazards in Iran. In this regard, in order to identify the components of good governance, in addition to studying the existing records and theoretical framework, the opinions of expert specialists have been used. For this purpose, the study's target population included 50 expert specialists from university professors and urban managers, whose opinions were used in two stages. After extracting the components of governance effective in hazard management from theoretical records and combining them with the opinions of experts, 34 final components were identified, conceptualized, and categorized as subsets of the global principles of urban governance and in accordance with the category of urban hazard management in Iran.
 
 
Results and discussion
Based on the final output of the structural model of the present study, the impact of the 8 global principles in realizing urban hazard governance has been obtained based on the average value of its components. This output shows that the principle of effectiveness with the components of "formulating integrated hazard management plans based on spatial differences," updating hazard management systems," and" utilizing related expertise in the hazard management process" has the most significant impact on realizing the vision of urban hazard governance. After this principle, the components of the principle of efficiency, compared to other components, have a greater impact on the realization of urban hazard governance.
 
Conclusion
The results of this research show that among the 34 identified components effective in urban hazard management and in accordance with the output of MIC MAC software, 10 key components with high power of influence and being influenced in the process of realizing good governance in urban hazard management in Iran were identified and categorized. In terms of system performance, these forces play a role in high and low influences in the system environment to improve urban hazard management in Iran, and as a result, they are considered the most effective and key components. The analysis of these components shows that most of the components are related to the components of effectiveness, efficiency, and participation in the global principles of good urban governance. Therefore, the establishment of a coordinated, comprehensive, and integrated hazard management system to eliminate inconsistencies between and within organizations involved in the hazard management process on the one hand, streamlining and removing barriers to communication with higher-level organizations and defining a transparent process from the highest levels of policymaking to the lowest operational level for good urban hazard governance is a necessity. On the other hand, accountability and transparency are two fundamental principles for shaping the vision of good governance in the face of hazards and seeking the participation of citizens in this process.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.