سنجش شاخص‌های مؤثر در کیفیت سلامت و ایمنی مسکن در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی تبریز

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی - کاربردی

نویسنده

گروه طراحی شهری، دانشکده مهندسی شهرسازی و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.381717.1984

چکیده

کیفیت مسکن به‌طور اساسی با اهداف سلامت و پایداری مرتبط است، ایمنی مسکن یک چالش فراگیر در شهرها و مناطق شهری کشورهای کم‌درآمد است، به‌ویژه در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی که تعداد بالایی از ساکنان شهری در آن زندگی می‌کنند. باوجوداین چالش مداوم و تأثیر آن بر سلامت و رفاه، برای سنجش ایمنی و سلامت مسکن در این مناطق وجود دارد. ازاین‌رو این تحقیق به سنجش شاخص‌های مؤثر بر کیفیت سلامت و ایمنی مسکن در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی تبریز می‌پردازد. برای این کار از روش کمی همراه با پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. جامعه هدف در این تحقیق متشکل از شهرسازان و معماران، مهندسان، بازرسان و توسعه‌دهندگان در شهر بود. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده از معادلات ساختاری با روش عامل تأییدی اکتشافی به همراه روش حداقل مربعات جزئی به حجم نمونه حساسیت کمتری دارد و بهترین روش برای نشان دادن روابط متغیرهای پنهان و آشکار است، استفاده گردید. برای این کار از نرم‌افزار Spss و SmartPls بهره گرفته شد. در این مطالعه عوامل مختلف اثرگذار بر عملکرد ایمنی و سلامت مسکن ارزان‌قیمت در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی شهر تبریز بررسی شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که معماری، خدمات ساختمان، محیط خارجی، رویکردهای مدیریتی و مدیریت نگهداری، تأثیر معناداری بر عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت دارند. عوامل خدمات ساختمان (89/0 =β) علل اصلی عملکرد ایمنی و سلامت بودند. که ارزیابی شرایط خدمات ساختمانی برای محافظت از ایمنی، سلامت و رفاه مردم و حفاظت از محیط‌زیست مهم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Measuring health and safety quality indicators of housing in Tabriz informal settlements

نویسنده [English]

  • Ali Zeynali Azim
Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Dabir Shahid Rajaei University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

ABSTRACT
Housing quality is fundamentally linked to health and sustainability goals, housing safety is a pervasive challenge in cities and urban areas of low-income countries, especially in informal settlements where a large number of urban dwellers live. Despite this ongoing challenge and its impact on health and well-being, there is a need to measure the safety and health of housing in these areas. Therefore, this research measures the indicators of the quality of health and safety of housing in the informal settlements of Tabriz. For this, a quantitative method was used along with a researcher-made questionnaire. The target community in this research consisted of urban planners and architects, engineers, inspectors and developers in the city. For data analysis, structural equations were used with the exploratory confirmatory factor method along with the partial least squares method, which is less sensitive to the sample size and is the best method to show the relationships between latent and manifest variables. For this, Spss and SmartPls software were used. In this study, various factors affecting the safety and health performance of low-cost housing in informal settlements of Tabriz city were investigated. The results indicate that architecture, building services, external environment, management approaches and maintenance management have a significant effect on health and safety performance. Building service factors (β = 0.89) were the main causes of safety and health performance. It is important to evaluate the conditions of construction services to protect the safety, health and well-being of people and to protect the environment.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
According to Article 31 of the Law of the Islamic Republic, safe housing is the right of every Iranian. Improving the quality of housing and related services increases social stability, environmental conditions and overall quality of life, and at the same time motivates community participation. In the qualitative dimension, there are issues and phenomena related to the poor condition of housing and lack of housing. Epidemiological findings show a strong relationship between housing conditions and health. Today, it has been proven that housing affects the health of residents directly and indirectly, and healthy housing can reduce the risk of various diseases and physical injuries. And it may positively or negatively affect the quality of life and family and individual well-being. According to the World Bank, improving housing can save lives, prevent disease, increase quality of life, reduce poverty, and contribute to development and health goals for sustainable cities. According to reports, more than 500,000 people live in informal settlements with poor housing conditions in Tabriz metropolis. Improper housing in these settlements in Tabriz city threatens human health and safety in many physical, biological and social dimensions. In fact, informal settlements not only threaten health, but also spread diseases and reduce human life expectancy. In this regard, in order to improve the quality of construction, future challenges in environmental practice and new construction methods should be identified to promote the highest quality standards, safety and health and environmental practices. According to the main purpose of the research and the stated contents, the main question of the research is raised as follows: What are the health and safety quality indicators of housing in the informal settlements of Tabriz?
 
Methodology
The current research was descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The target community in this research is defined as city planners and architects, engineers, inspectors and developers in the city. As a rule of thumb, a sample size of at least 200 is a good basis for performing a maximum likelihood estimation, which is one of the most common structural equation modeling (SEM) estimates. Non-probability cluster sampling was used in this research. 300 self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. A multiple choice data collection method was used whereby some questionnaires were mailed to respondents, some via email and some were delivered in person. The process of distributing and collecting questionnaires was done in two months. A total of 252 questionnaires were received and used for this analysis. In the following, in order to identify the effect of the effective factors on the health and safety of houses in the informal settlements of Tabriz city, exploratory factor analysis was used to group these factors. Criterion validation and model testing were performed using a structural equation modeling tool called SmartPLS, which uses a component-based approach to estimation. SmartPLS included a two-step approach to data analysis. First, the measurement model was used to evaluate and develop the reliability and validity of the research tool. In the second step, after adjusting the items and accepting the measurement model, the structural model was evaluated to evaluate the hypothetical relationships between the structures in the conceptual model. This two-step process helped to ensure that the scale items were statistically consistent and that the constructs measured what they were intended to measure, prior to any attempt to draw conclusions regarding the construct model. Table 2 shows the indicators and sub-indices investigated in the research.
 
Results and discussion
In this study, various factors affecting the safety and health performance of low-cost housing in informal settlements of Tabriz city were investigated. The results indicate that architecture, building services, external environment, management approaches and maintenance management have a significant effect on health and safety performance. Building service factors (β = 0.89) were the main causes of safety and health performance. It is important to evaluate the conditions of construction services to protect the safety, health and well-being of people and to protect the environment.
 
Conclusion
Finally, there is a need for more disaggregated cross-sectional data related to housing health and safety. These data will be important to inform the development and prioritization of promotion strategies for health, and to support further research that seeks to measure and evaluate the impact of informal settlement promotion and interventions on local and broader health trends. It is important to note that these results should be interpreted in light of the limitations of this study. To improve the statistical power of these results, a larger sample size can be used in future studies. Future studies can explore and identify specific relationships between safety and health performance and understand personal responsibilities among construction workers to better understand the issue of sustainable construction. Future research should also include a systems approach to explore and understand interactions between city system components and key health outcomes, especially in rapidly urbanizing low- and middle-income countries.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Housing
  • Health index
  • Safety index
  • Informal settlement
  • Tabriz city
  1. آشتیانی، ریحانه و امینی کاشانی، امین. (۱۴۰۳). ارزیابی تطبیقی شرایط کالبدی مسکن در محله‌های منتخب منطقه ۲ شهر تهران. جغرافیا و آینده‌پژوهی منطقه‌ای، ۲(۲)، ۳۱-۱۷. https://doi.org/10.30466/grfs.2024.55086.1040
  2. حکمت‌نیا، حسن؛ پاک‌گوهر، علیرضا و باقری کشکولی، علی. (۱۴۰۰). دستیابی به مسکن پایدار با رویکرد تحلیل شاخص‌های کالبدی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی (مطالعه موردی: شهر سیرجان). پژوهش‌های بوم‌شناسی شهری، ۱۲(۴)، ۱۸-۱. https://doi.org/10.30473/grup.2022.8745
  3. زینالی عظیم، علی؛ فدائی حقی، مهری؛ علیزاده، امین؛ جدیری عباسی، محمد؛ فتحی‌پور، رضا و شریفی، محمدعلی. (۱۴۰۳). سنجش عوامل مؤثر در عدم توسعه شهر هوشمند پایدار تبریز. علوم محیطی، ۲۲(۳)، ۴۴۶-۴۲۷. https://doi.org/10.48308/envs.2024.1337
  4. زینالی عظیم، علی؛ محمدیان، بهرام؛ جدیری عباسی، محمد؛ بابازاده اسکویی، سولماز و اخلاقی، لیدا. (۱۴۰۲). عوامل اثرگذار بر قیمت مسکن از دیدگاه ساکنان در محله چرنداب شهر تبریز. اقتصاد و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، ۴(۳)، ۱۸۷-۱۷۲. https://doi.org/10.22034/uep.2023.424496.1430
  5. زینالی عظیم، علی. (۱۴۰۱). تحلیل دل‌بستگی مکانی در شهر تبریز با به‌کارگیری مقیاس شهرهای هوشمند در دوران بیماری کووید ۱۹. پژوهش‌های جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری، ۱۰(۳)، ۸۰-۶۵. https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2022.342120.1687
  6. علی‌الحسابی، مهران؛ دانشپور، سید عبدالهادی و دادجو، روزبه. (۱۴۰۱). شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی شاخص‌های مسکن گروه‌های کم‌درآمد بر مبنای رویکردی ادراکی-ذهنی (مورد پژوهی: شهر بجنورد). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری، ۱۰(۲)، ۱۴۸-۱۳۳.  https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2022.335793.1631
  7. کریمی بنه خلخال، هادی؛ جعفری مهرآبادی، مریم و آقایی‌زاده، اسماعیل. (۱۳۹۷). ارزیابی وضعیت مسکن سالم در شهرها: نمونه موردی شهر اردبیل. مطالعات شهری، ۷(۲۶)، ۱۱۱-۹۹. https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2018.003
  8. محمدی، شهرام؛ نسترن، مهین و نورائی، همایون. (۱۴۰۲). ارزیابی کیفیت محیط کالبدی و عملکردی محله‌های غیررسمی با رویکرد تحقیق تجربی ساکنان (مطالعه موردی: محله سایان شهر زنجان). جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری، ۱۱(۳)، ۲۰-۱. https://doi.org/10.22067/jgusd.2024.84548.1351
  9. ودایع خیری، رقیه و درستکار، احسان. (۱۴۰۰). تحلیل سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی از منظر کاربران فضا و تأثیرپذیری از بیماری کرونا (نمونه موردی: شهر گلستان، استان تهران). دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، ۱۱(۱)، ۶۶-۵۵. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23225955.1400.11.1.4.7
  10. Adams, E. A. (2018). Thirsty slums in African cities: Household water insecurity in urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(2), 869-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1322941.
  11. Adams, E. A., Stoler, J., & Adams, Y. (2020). Water insecurity and urban poverty in the global south: Implications for health and human biology. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(3), 1-15. 23368. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23368.
  12. Alalhesabi, M., daneshpour, A. and dadjou, R. (2022). Identifying and prioritizing housing indicators of low-income groups based on a perceptual-mental approach A Case Study the Bojnurd city. Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 10(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.22059/jurbangeo.2022.335793.1631. [In Persian].
  13. Ashtiyani, R., & Amini kashani, A. (2024). Comparative assessment of “Housing Physical Conditions” in selected neighborhoods of Tehran's 2nd district. Geography and Regional Future Studies, 2(2), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.30466/grfs.2024.55086.1040. [In Persian]
  14. Baugh Littlejohns, L., Baum, F., Lawless, A., & Freeman, T. (2018). The value of a causal loop diagram in exploring the complex interplay of factors that influence health promotion in a multisectoral health system in Australia. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16(1), 1-6, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0394-x
  15. Boateng, G., & Adams, E. (2023). A multilevel, multidimensional scale for measuring housing insecurity in slums and informal settlements. Cities, 132(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104059
  16. Boateng, G., & Adams, E. (2022). A novel measure of housing insecurity, poverty and use of unclean cooking fuel are associated with greater food insecurity in slums and informal settlements. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(1), 1-20, 94. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac051.010
  17. Callway, R., Pineo, H., & Moore, G. (2020). Understanding the Role of Standards in the Negotiation of a Healthy Built Environment. Sustainability, 12(23), 1-23. 9884. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239884.
  18. Titiunik, R., Martinez, S., Gertler, P., Galiano, S., & Cattaneo, M. (2007). Housing, health, and happiness. Research Working Papers, 1, 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4214.
  19. Chan, S, M & Wong, H, (2022). Housing and Subjective Well-Being in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Model," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer; International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, 17(3), 1745-1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-10000-4.
  20. Chumo I, Kabaria C, Shankland A and Mberu B (2023) Drivers of vulnerability to health and wellbeing challenges in informal settlements. Front. Sustain. Cities 5(2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2023.1057726.
  21. Hekmatnia, H., Pakgohar, A. and Bagheri Kashkouli, A. (2022). Achieving Sustainable Housing with the Aroach of Analyzing Physical, Social and Economic Indicators, Case Study: Sirjan City. Journal of Urban Ecology Researches, 12(25), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30473/grup.2022.8745. [In Persian]
  22. Karimi Boneh Khalkhal, H, Jafari Mehrabadi, M, Aghaeizadeh, E. (2018). Investigating the Healthy House in the Cities (Case Study of Ardabil City). Motaleate Shahri, 7(26), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2018.003. [In Persian]
  23. Lawlor, B., Grey, T., Cotter, E., Diaz, M., & Robertson, I. (2024). Bringing brain health home: The importance of housing and the urban environment for building this generation’s brain health. Cities & Health, 8(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2024.2327815.
  24. Lawrence, R. J. (2022). Co-benefits of transdisciplinary planning for healthy cities. Urban Planning, 7(4), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i4.5674
  25. Mohammadi, S., Nastaran, M., & Noraie, H. (2024). Assessing the quality of the physical and functional environment of informal neighborhoods with an experimental research approach of residents (Case of study: Sayan neighborhood of Zanjan city). Geography and Urban Space Development, 3(11), 1-.20 https://doi.org/10.22067/jgusd.2024.84548.1351. [In Persian].
  26. Nix, E., Ibbetson, A., Zhou, K., Davies, M., Wilkinson, P., Ludolph, R., & Pineo, H. (2024). Getting to effective housing policy for health: a thematic synthesis of policy development and implementation. Cities & Health, 8(3), 486–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2024.2328951.
  27. Nix, E., Paulose, J., Shrubsole, C. (2020). Evaluating Housing Health Hazards: Prevalence, Practices and Priorities in Delhi’s Informal Settlements. J Urban Health 97(2), 502–518 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00442-w.
  28. Okoro, C., Adediran, A, Umeoka, N, (2023) Health and wellbeing characteristics and impacts in informal settlements: thematic and priority research areas. In: Digital Transformation of Health and Safety in Construction. University of Porto, Portugal, 21st - 22nd June 2023. CIBW099W123. CIB International Council for Research & Innovation in Building & Construction, Kanata, ON Canada. 399-408.
  29. Patel, A., Shah, P., & Beauregard, B. E. (2020). Measuring multiple housing deprivations in urban India using slum severity index. Habitat International, 38(101): 1-18. Article 102190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102190.
  30. Pineda, J.C.D., Kokubun, K., Ikaga, T. (2021), Housing quality and behavior affect brain health and anxiety in healthy Japanese adults. Sci Rep, 11: 1-15 11999. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91363-4.
  31. Wang, X., Liu, T. (2022). Home-made blues: Residential crowding and mental health in Beijing, China. Urban studies, 60(3): 461-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221101707.
  32. Pineo, H. & Moore, G., (2021). Built environment stakeholders’ experiences of implementing healthy urban development: an exploratory study. Cities & health, 6 (5), 922-936. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2021.1876376.
  33. Rolfe, S., Garnham, L., Godwin, J., Anderson, I., Seaman, P., & Donaldson, C. (2020). Housing as a social determinant of health and wellbeing: Developing an empirically-informed realist theoretical framework. BMC Public Health, 20(3), 1-17,1138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09224-0.
  34. Ross, A. G., Rahman, M., Alam, M., Zaman, K., & Qadri, F. (2020). Can we “WaSH” infectious diseases out of slums? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92(132), 130–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.014.
  35. Theobald, S., & Tolhurst, R. (2022). Leaving No One Behind: A Photovoice Case Study on Vulnerability and Wellbeing of Children Heading Households in Two Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Soc. Sci., 11(7), 1-16. 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070296.
  36. Torres Parra, C. A., Saldeno Madero, Y. N., Gonzalez Mendez, M., Fasolino, I., Villegas Flores, N., Grimaldi, M., Carrillo Acosta, N., & Cicalese, F. (2024). Evaluation of the impact of informal settlements on the physical and mental health of residents: Case study Santa Marta-Bogotá, Colombia. Sustainability, 16(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051964.
  37. UN-Habitat. (2022). Envisaging the future of cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2022-envisaging-the-future-of-cities
  38. United-Nations. (2021). The sustainable development goals report 2021. United Nations, 1-222. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/the-sustainable-development-goals-report- 021.pdf
  39. VadaiehKheiri R, Dorostkar E. (2021), Analysis of informal settlements from the perspective of space users and the impact of coronary heart disease (Case study: Golestan city, Tehran province). Disaster Prev. Manag. Know.; 11 (1):55-66. [In Persian].
  40. Vaid, U. (2021). Delivering the promise of ‘better homes’?: Assessing housing quality impacts of slum redevelopment in India. Cities, 116(3): 1-17. 103253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103253.
  41. Vaid, U. (2023). Physical and mental health impacts of housing improvement: A quasi-experimental evaluation of in-situ slum redevelopment in India, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86(2): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101968.
  42. Wamukoya, M., Kadengye, D. T., Iddi, S., & Chikozho, C. (2020). The Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance of slum dwellers, 2002–2019: Value, processes, and challenges. Global Epidemiology, 2(3), 1-16. 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100024.
  43. Weimann A, Oni T. A (2019), Systematized Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa, a Rapidly Urbanizing Middle-Income Country. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 26(19): 1-21. 3608 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193608.
  44. WHO, (2023). WHO launches groundbreaking air pollution training for health workers on international day of clean air. 1-129. https://www.who.int/news/item/05. 09-2023
  45. WHO, (2021). Policies, regulations and legislation promoting healthy housing: a review, 1-166. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ 9789240011298
  46. Zeynali Azim, A. (2022). Analysis of place attachment in the city of Tabriz by using the scale of smart cities during the Covid-19 disease. Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 10(3), 65-80. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2022.342120.1687. [In Persian].
  47. Zeynali Azim, A., Sotoodeh, A., Sadeghzade, H. and Sarbaz Vatan, S. (2024). Evaluation of Livability in Informal Settlements in the Northern Part of Tabriz City with Illegal Constructions and Separations by Brokers. Urban Economics and Planning, 5(3), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.22034/uep.2024.469864.1518. [In Persian]
  48. Zeynali Azim, A., Fadaei Haghi, M., Alizadeh, A., Jodeiri Abbasi, M., Fathipour, R., & Sharifi, M. (2024). Measuring the Effective Factors in the Non-Development of the Sustainable Smart City of Tabriz. Environmental Sciences, 22(3), 427-446. doi: 10.48308/envs.2024.1337. [In Persian]
  49. Zeynali Azim, A., Mohammadian, B., Jadiri Abbasi, M., Babazadeh Oskouei, S., & Akhlaghi, L. (2023). Factors Affecting Housing Prices from the Perspective of Residents in Charandab Neighborhood of Tabriz City. Urban Economics and Planning, 4(3), 172-187. doi: 10.22034/uep.2023.424496.1430. [In Persian].