نوع مقاله : پژوهشی - کاربردی
نویسندگان
گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
ABSTRACT
The damage caused by the earthquake includes the physical, social, and economic systems of the city. Social resilience against crisis is defined as the ability of a system or part of a system to recover after a disaster. Social resilience indicators have been extracted through content analysis and final evaluation from professors' point of view. The research aims to measure the level of social resilience in two hypothetical conditions with the same indicators and extract influential factors and elements from the citizens' point of view. The statistical population of the research is 20 neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran. The statistical sample with the results of Cochran's formula is 401 cases in 20 neighborhoods. Analyzing the information according to the questions and type of data using GIS and SPSS statistics software and the statistical method of exploratory factor analysis to determine the number of factors and the extent of the effects of factors and elements and the TOPSIS method is also used to stratify the localities. The results and findings indicate that the region does not have a good state of resilience, and the residents do not have a good assessment of the resilience of themselves and the environment. Nevertheless, in the pre-crisis questionnaire, Mazaheri neighborhood has the first rank of good condition, and in the post-crisis questionnaire, Shush neighborhood has the first rank of good resilience. In both situations, the Masoudiyeh neighborhood, with the last rank, has the most unfavorable resilience. Also, the factors of active population, the number of households and the number of women and children have had the most significant effect on the level of resilience before and after the earthquake
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Earthquakes are one of the most common hazards that threaten human centers. Conquering nature to prevent earthquakes is technically unrealistic. The number of financial and life losses caused by earthquakes is increasing, and most of these losses occur in developing countries. The most common human response to natural disasters is to move to other places. In order to change this situation and improve a society's ability to plan and respond to earthquakes, it is vital. One of the important types of programs is known as resilience. Disaster resilience was used for the first time in the 1980s and refers to the concept of being able to absorb and sustain against dangerous events. Seismic resilience is a measure of society's ability to contain the effects of earthquakes and achieve timely recovery. The effects of earthquakes are different in urban contexts. One of the most important features of urban centers, especially in developing countries, is wear and tear, making these spaces vulnerable to earthquakes. The issues and problems related to the type of residential buildings, the issues caused by the materials used and the way to restore the buildings with a more or less rapid acceleration cause the movement towards the endpoint. In the seismic vulnerability of worn-out structures, the effective role of urban planning indicators, along with structural indicators, has been emphasized in earthquake prevention programs.
Methodology
The current research aims to measure social resilience and evaluate the factors and elements that are effective in the resilience of urban areas of the type of applied research. In terms of nature, it is a descriptive and analytical research that examines the influencing factors in the resilience of localities. Information was collected using a questionnaire of residents to measure the resilience of neighborhoods. It includes collecting data about residents' views before and after the earthquake crisis. In the review of experts' opinions, all the localities of District 15 were evaluated. For this purpose, Cochran's formula was used to extract the number of samples. According to the total population of the district, which is equal to 659,468, 400 samples were determined and divided among 20 neighborhoods, and 20 samples were assigned to each neighborhood. SPSS statistical software and exploratory factor analysis statistical method were used to analyze the data. In the second stage, after obtaining the importance of each variable in the level of social resilience from the residents' point of view, it was used to rank the neighborhoods of the district using the TOPSIS ranking and decision-making model.
Results and discussion
Measuring the level of resilience is also the most effective method in measuring and extracting the factors that influence the level of resilience and vulnerability of the society from the residents' point of view. This research used a questionnaire to measure social resilience in two situations before and after the earthquake. First, the general characteristics of the respondents were examined, which shows that the researchers conducted the research with a predetermined program and selected the respondents. This is because all the questions raised in this research require knowledge, a moderate education level, and the residential environment's nobility. The results obtained from the research model in the first part of the resilience questionnaire before the crisis, Mazaheri neighborhood of Area 1 is the most suitable, Afsarieh South neighborhood of Area 5 is the average among the neighborhoods and Masoudiyeh neighborhood of Area 6 is the most unsuitable. In the post-crisis questionnaire, according to the citizens' belief, Shush Area 1, with the first rank of TOPSIS, has the most appropriate situation, Valiasr Minai of Area 1 has an average situation compared to others, and Masoudiyeh of Area 6 has the most unfavorable situation in terms of social resilience after the earthquake.
Conclusion
Social resilience against earthquakes comes from different factors and also affects it by different elements. Since social resilience is related to the residents, their supervision and views are considered the most important factors and elements in reducing or increasing resilience. Among the effective factors in the social resilience of the neighborhood residents, 9 indicators have been used. Each indicator has different effects on social resilience after the earthquake, ranked according to the extent of their impact from the residents' point of view and with the research method. Also, these indicators have different effects in the stages before and after the crisis. From the point of view of the citizens living in the neighborhoods of District 15, among the indicators effective in resilience before the earthquake crisis, the first rank is the most effective factor for the human capital index and the last factor is for responsibility. Despite the existing ranking between the effective factors, the difference in the score of their effects is close to each other, so there is no significant difference between them. Among the factors that contributed to social resilience after the earthquake, the most effective factor from the citizens' point of view is human capital, and the least effective factor is the psychological readiness of society. The distinguishing point of this research from other studies is the comprehensive investigation of social resilience from the perspective of residents of the neighborhoods, each of whom has lived in the neighborhood for more than 10 years, and with the same questions or elements, it has investigated resilience before and after the earthquake crisis. In this situation, the residents imagined themselves in the state after the earthquake crisis and answered the questions that these questions are the elements that determine the strengths or weaknesses of the neighborhood or themselves in increasing or decreasing their social resilience. The results obtained in this research can be effective in the plans to increase the resilience of the localities, especially the localities with existing conditions in District 15, and be a guide for the decisions of city managers.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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