تبیین مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های مؤثر شهر هوشمند بر ارتقاء تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر کووید-19 مطالعه موردی: شهر شیراز

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی - کاربردی

نویسندگان

گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

10.22059/jurbangeo.2024.369884.1895

چکیده

بحران کووید-19 به‌عنوان یکی از بزرگ‌ترین و پیچیده‌ترین چالش‌های جهانی به‌وضوح نشان داده است که چگونه یک بیماری عفونی می‌تواند به‌سرعت در سراسر جهان گسترش یابد و به‌تمامی جوانب زندگی انسانی تأثیر عمیق بگذارد. در این میان اتخاذ رویکرد هوشمندانه و استفاده از فناوری‌ها و ابتکارات شهر هوشمند جهت تاب‌آوری شهری در مقابل چنین بحران‌هایی اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است تا جوامع و شهرها بتوانند به بهترین شکل با چالش‌های پیش رو برخورد کنند و آمادگی مناسب را برای بحران‌های آینده داشته باشند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های مؤثر شهر هوشمند بر ارتقاء تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر کووید-19 در شهر شیراز انجام‌شده است. روش تحقیق این پژوهش از نوع کمی، ماهیت آن توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر هدف، کاربردی می‌باشد. داده‌ها با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای- اسنادی و میدانی گردآوری‌شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه ساکنان منطقه 1 شهر شیراز می‌باشد که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه تعیین و به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی سیستماتیک پرسشنامه‌ها بین شهروندان توزیع و جمع‌آوری‌شده است. داده‌های پژوهش با استفاده از روش معادلات ساختاری تجزیه‌وتحلیل شده‌اند. نتایج نشان داده است هر چهار مؤلفه مؤثر شهر هوشمند یعنی دسترسی به خدمات، نهادی-مدیریتی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی دارای ارتباط معناداری با تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر کووید-19 هستند؛ مؤلفه دسترسی به خدمات تأثیرگذارترین مؤلفه بر ارتقای تاب‌آوری شهر شیراز در برابر کووید-19 است. مؤلفه‌های اجتماعی- فرهنگی، اقتصادی و نهادی- مدیریتی به ترتیب در رتبه‌های بعدی به لحاظ اهمیت و تأثیرگذاری بر ارتقاء تاب‌آوری شهر شیراز در برابر کووید-19 قرار دارند

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Explanation the effective Factors and indicators of the smart city on improving urban resilience against Covid-19 (Case study: Shiraz city)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Shahivandi
  • mohammadhosein pourhasanzadeh
Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

 ABSTRACT
As one of the biggest and most complex global challenges, the COVID-19 crisis has clearly shown how an infectious disease can spread rapidly around the world and deeply affect all aspects of human life. In the meantime, it is very important to adopt a smart approach and use smart city technologies and initiatives for urban resilience in the face of such crises so that communities and cities can best deal with the challenges ahead and have proper preparation for future crises. The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the effective factors and indicators of a smart city in improving urban resilience against COVID-19 in Shiraz. The research method of this research is quantitative, descriptive-analytical in nature, and practical in terms of purpose. The data was collected using library documents and field studies. The statistical population of the research included all the residents of Zone 1 of Shiraz city, which was determined using the Cochran Jahm formula, and the questionnaires were distributed and collected among the citizens by systematic random sampling. Research data have been analyzed using the structural equation method. The results have shown that all four effective factors of a smart city, i.e., access to services, institutional management, economic, and sociocultural, have a significant relationship with urban resilience against COVID-19. Access to services is the most influential factor in improving the resilience of Shiraz city against COVID-19. The sociocultural, economic, and institutional management factors are in the next ranks in terms of importance and impact on the improvement of Shiraz city's resilience against COVID-19.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical studies highlight the significant role of smart cities in enhancing urban resilience against COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, various smart solutions and strategies were employed by different cities, tailored to their specific conditions across various fields, playing a crucial role in the resilience of urban environments against the disease. However, it is essential to note that the solutions adopted were limited, and smart technologies' maximum capacity and potential were not fully utilized. Therefore, given the role and importance of smart cities in improving urban resilience against COVID-19 and the experiences gained during the pandemic, it is necessary to conduct studies in cities to identify smart initiatives and effective indicators across different fields and sectors. This will enable the planning and implementation of smart solutions and strategies to prepare for and manage future infectious diseases. In this context, the present research aims to investigate the concept and structure of smart cities and smart strategies and initiatives to enhance urban resilience against COVID-19, as documented in scientific literature. The study seeks to identify and quantify the effective factors and indicators that improve urban resilience against COVID-19. Specifically, it will examine and explain the impact of each identified factor and indicator on the resilience of Shiraz city against COVID-19 from the perspective of citizens.
 
Methodology
The current research is applied and employs a quantitative research method. Data and information were collected through library-documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the research includes all the residents of Zone 1 of Shiraz city, totaling 157,624 people. Using Cochran's sample size formula, with a confidence level of 95% and a 5% margin of error, a sample size of 383 people was determined. The research sampling method is based on a systematic random sampling pattern, and questionnaires were distributed and collected from the citizens accordingly. The content validity of the designed questionnaire was confirmed by several university professors and researchers related to this field. The reliability of the research questionnaires was measured using Cronbach's alpha method in SPSS software, yielding a coefficient of 0.862, indicating the high reliability of the data collection tool. Subsequently, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with AMOS Graphics software.
 
Results and discussion
The results have shown that the factor of access to services, with the highest standard regression weight (0.877), is the most influential factor in improving Shiraz city's resilience against COVID-19. Sociocultural, economic, and institutional-management factors, with standard regression weights of 0.841, 0.778, and 0.706, respectively, follow in terms of importance and influence on enhancing the city's resilience. The current research findings underscore the role and importance of smart cities in boosting urban resilience against COVID-19. These results align with previous studies, emphasizing smart cities' critical role in promoting urban resilience. Among the four effective factors of a smart city, the factor of access to services in a smart way, utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) methods such as online shopping, commercial services, and universal online access to medical and therapeutic services, stands out as the most significant in enhancing the resilience of Shiraz city against COVID-19 from the citizens' perspective. Similarly, Aina et al. (2023) found that digitizing and smartening urban services played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Makkah, revitalizing social and economic activities, and enhancing the city's resilience.
 
Conclusion
Among the effective variables of the smart city across different dimensions, the variable "adequate level of mobile internet coverage in the city" has a factor loading of 0.541 within the access to services factor. The variable "education, information, and awareness (such as common symptoms of the disease, how the virus spreads, and adherence to health protocols in polluted urban environments) provided swiftly and timely to citizens via virtual platforms" has a factor loading of 0.574 within the socio-cultural factor. The variable "business development and digital and electronic commerce" has a factor loading of 0.589 within the economic factor. Lastly, "intelligent monitoring and tracking of COVID-19 by urban management" has a factor loading of 0.618 within the institutional-management factor. These variables are the most important and impactful in enhancing the resilience of Shiraz city against COVID-19.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Smart City
  • Urban Resilience
  • Covid-19
  • Shiraz

مراجع

  1. بوداقی، علی؛ باقری، معصومه؛ بهمنی، سجاد؛ شهریاری، مرضیه و صادقی عمروآبادی، بهروز. (1400). مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری راهکارهای افزایش تولید شرکت‌های تعاونی استان خوزستان در دوره شیوع کرونا، توسعه محلی (روستائی-شهری)، 13(1)، 171-147. https://doi: 10.22059/jrd.2021.324510.668654
  2. خراسانی، نگار؛ خاکپور، براتعلی و خوارزمی، امیدعلی. (1401). تحلیل سناریوهای تأثیر شیوع کووید- 19 بر هوشمند سازی مدیریت شهری با تأکید بر شهرداری مشهد، مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری، 9(32)، 60-35. https://doi: 10.22080/usfs.2022.22979.2226
  3. دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه شهرداری شیراز. (1396)، محله بندی شهر شیراز با رویکرد توسعه همگون و متوازن.
  4. مدقالچی، نیکو؛ بحرینی، سید حسین و رفیعیان، مجتبی. (1401). اثرات فن‌آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و پاندمی کووید 19 بر مطالعات شهری: مرور سیستماتیک، فصلنامه مطالعات شهری، 11(44)، 114-95. https://doi: 10.34785/J011.2022.657
  5. Adibfar, A., Gulhare, S., Srinivasan, S., & Costin, A. (2022). Analysis and modeling of changes in online shopping behavior due to Covid-19 pandemic: A Florida case study. Transport Policy, 126, 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.07.003.
  6. Agarwal, N., Jain, P., Pathak, R., & Gupta, R. (2020). Telemedicine in India: A tool for transforming health care in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 190. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_472_20.
  7. Aina, Y. A., Abubakar, I. R., Almulhim, A. I., Dano, U. L., Tilaki, M. J. M., & Dawood, S. R. S. (2023). Digitalization and smartification of urban services to enhance urban resilience in the Post-Pandemic era: the case of the pilgrimage city of Makkah. Smart Cities, 6(4), 1973–1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040092.
  8. Ali, W. (2020). Online and Remote Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Necessity in light of COVID-19 Pandemic. Higher Education Studies, 10(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p16.
  9. Aliakbari, F. (2023). Cyberspace Serves Culture: Experiences from Iran During the COVID-19 Crisis. Studies in Digital Heritage, 7(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v7i1.35527.
  10. Alqutob, R., Nsour, M. A., Tarawneh, M. S., Ajlouni, M. T., Khader, Y., Aqel, I. S., Kharabsheh, S., & Obeidat, N. M. (2020). COVID-19 crisis in Jordan: Response, scenarios, strategies, and recommendations. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e19332. https://doi.org/10.2196/19332.
  11. Antczak, J., & Horzela, I. (2021). Home office as new approach to smart city idea in pandemic time. Procedia Computer Science, 192, 3832–3847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.158.
  12. Aryani, D. N., Nair, R. K., Hoo, D. X. Y., Kee, D. M. H., Lim, D. H. R., Dharaniya, A., Chandran, P., Chew, W. P., & Desai, A. (2021). A Study on Consumer Behaviour: Transition from Traditional Shopping to Online Shopping During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 6(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v6i2.1170.
  13. Asif, M., & Singh, K. (2020). Trends, opportunities and scope of libraries during Covid-19 pandemic. IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology, 5(1), 24–27. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.2020.005.
  14. Babu, A. M., Akhil, B., & Pochampally, N. K. (2023). Smart cities and intelligent transport systems. International Journal of Applied and Structural Mechanics, 3(1), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijasm.31.22.25.
  15. Beca-Martínez, M. T., Romay‐Barja, M., Falcón-Romero, M., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Benito-Llanes, A., & Forjaz, M. J. (2021). Compliance with the main preventive measures of COVID‐19 in Spain: The role of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14364.
  16. Bolgova, Е. В., Koroleva, Е. В., & Bolgov, S. (2022). Smart transport in a smart city: European and Russian development management track. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.081
  17. Burlacu, S., Pătărlăgeanu, S. R., Diaconu, A., & Ciobanu, G. (2021). E-government in the Era of Globalization and the Health Crisis caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic, between Standards and Innovation. SHS Web of Conferences, 92, 08004. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219208004.
  18. Dadhe, P.P. & Dubey, M.N. (2020). "Library Services Provided During COVID-19 Pandemic: Content Analysis of Websites of Premier Technological Institutions of India", Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 4445. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4445.
  19. Das, A., Ghosh, S., Das, K., Basu, T., Dutta, I. & Das, M. (2021). Living environment matters: Unravelling the spatial clustering of COVID-19 hotspots in Kolkata megacity, India, Sustainable Cities and Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102577.
  20. Esapour, K., Moazzen, F., Karimi, M., Dabbaghjamanesh, M., & Kavousi‐Fard, A. (2023). A novel energy management framework incorporating multi‐carrier energy hub for smart city. Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution, 17(3), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12500.
  21. Fan, B. E. (2021). Migrant workers with COVID-19: Recognizing the crucial role non-governmental organizations perform. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 9, 100145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100145.
  22. Firman, F., Sumatono, S., Muluk, M. K., & Setyowati, E. (2022). Smart Governance: A study of the Jakarta Smart City during the COVID-19 pandemic. KnE Social Sciences, 491-502. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i5.10573.
  23. Gao, J., Siddik, A. B., Abbas, S. K., Hamayun, M., Masukujjaman, M., & Alam, S. S. (2023). Impact of E-Commerce and Digital Marketing Adoption on the Financial and Sustainability Performance of MSMEs during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study. Sustainability, 15(2), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021594.
  24. Gowd, K. K., Veerababu, D., & Reddy, V. R. (2021). COVID‐19 and the legislative response in India: The need for a comprehensive health care law. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2669.
  25. Işık, G. Ç. & Çevik, Y. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on visits of an urban emergency department, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 42, 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.011.
  26. Kakderi, C., Oikonomaki, E., & Papadaki, I. (2021). Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility. Sustainability, 13(11), 6486. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116486.
  27. Kikuchi, S., Kitao, S., & Mikoshiba, M. (2021). Who suffers from the COVID-19 shocks? Labor market heterogeneity and welfare consequences in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59, 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2020.101117.
  28. Kim, H. M. (2021). Smart cities beyond COVID-19. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 299–308). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818886-6.00016-2.
  29. Kummitha, R. K. R. (2020). Smart technologies for fighting pandemics: The techno- and human- driven approaches in controlling the virus transmission. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3), 101481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101481.
  30. Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z. H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2020). Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1732–1738. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45120.
  31. Lim, Y., Edelenbos, J., & Gianoli, A. (2023). Dynamics in the governance of smart cities: insights from South Korean smart cities. The International Journal of Urban Sciences, 27(sup1), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2063158.
  32. Majewska, A., Denis, M., Jarecka-Bidzińska, E., Jaroszewicz, J., & Krupowicz, W. (2022). Pandemic resilient cities: Possibilities of repairing Polish towns and cities during COVID-19 pandemic. Land Use Policy, 113, 105904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105904.
  33. Mansour, H. (2021). How successful countries are in promoting digital transactions during COVID-19. Journal of Economic Studies, 49(3), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-10-2020-0489.
  34. Markellou, Μ. (2023). Cultural heritage accessibility in the digital era and the Greek legal framework. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale De Sémiotique Juridique, 36(5), 1945–1969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10027-w.
  35. Megahed, N. A., & Abdel-Kader, R. F. (2022). Smart Cities after COVID-19: Building a conceptual framework through a multidisciplinary perspective. Scientific African, 17, e01374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01374.
  36. Modgil, S., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Gupta, S., & Kamble, S. (2022). Has Covid-19 accelerated opportunities for digital entrepreneurship? An Indian perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121415.
  37. Moeenian, M., Khamseh, A., & Ghazavi, M. (2022). Social innovation based on collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations in COVID-19 crisis: evidence from Iran. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00923-3.
  38. Munoz‐Erickson, T. A., Meerow, S., Hobbins, R., Cook, E. M., Iwaniec, D. M., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Grimm, N. B., Barnett, A. J., Cordero, J., Gim, C., Miller, T. R., Tandazo-Bustamante, F., & Robles-Morúa, A. (2021). Beyond bouncing back? Comparing and contesting urban resilience frames in US and Latin American contexts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214, 104173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104173.
  39. Nasution, A. A., Erwin, K., & Bartuška, L. (2020). Determinant study of conventional transportation and online transportation. Transportation Research Procedia, 44, 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.042.
  40. Prajapati, S. P., Bhaumik, R., & Kumar, T. (2023). An intelligent ABM-based framework for developing Pandemic-Resilient urban spaces in Post-COVID smart cities. Procedia Computer Science, 218, 2299–2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.205.
  41. Pramiyanti, A., Mayangsari, I. D., Nuraeni, R., & Firdaus, Y. D. (2020). Public perception on transparency and trust in government information released during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(3), 351–376. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.3.351.
  42. Pratama, A. B., Amber, H., Shershunovich, Y., & De Castro, A. B. R. (2023). Do smart cities perform better in governing the COVID-19 crisis? Empirical evidence from Indonesian cities. Urban Governance, 3(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2023.02.003.
  43. Purbasari, R., Muttaqin, Z & Sari, D.S. (2021).  Digital Entrepreneurship in Pandemic Covid 19 Era: The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Framework, Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 10,114-135. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-1077286.
  44. Rachmawati, R., Mei, E. T. W., Nurani, I. W., Ghiffari, R. A., Rohmah, A. A., & Sejati, M. A. (2021). Innovation in Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Best Practices from Five Smart Cities in Indonesia. Sustainability, 13(21), 12072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112072.
  45. Rudnicka, A., Newbold, J. W., Cook, D., & Cox, A. (2020). Eworklife: developing effective strategies for remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344558229.
  46. Sayarifard, A., Nazari, M., Rajabi, F., Ghadirian, L., & Sajadi, H. S. (2022). Identifying the non-governmental organizations’ activities and challenges in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13080-5.
  47. Scutariu, A., Șuşu, Ș., Huidumac-Petrescu, C., & Gogonea, R. (2021). A Cluster Analysis Concerning the Behavior of Enterprises with E-Commerce Activity in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 17(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010003.
  48. Sharifi, A. (2019). A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1269–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172.
  49. Sharifi, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Kummitha, R. K. R. (2021). Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 13(14), 8018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148018.
  50. Situmorang, D. D. B. (2020). Online/Cyber counseling services in the COVID-19 outbreak: Are they really new? The Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 74(3), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305020948170.
  51. Spurk, D., & Straub, C. (2020). Flexible employment relationships and careers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103435
  52. Sutarsa, N., Astuti, P. A. S., Choy, M. & Moore, M. (2020b). COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunity to accelerate e-Health in Indonesia. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, 8(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v8i1.259.
  53. Tanhan, A., Yavuz, K. F., Young, J. S., Nalbant, A., Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Ulusoy, S., Genç, E., Uğur, E., & Çiçek, İ. (2020). A proposed framework based on literature review of online contextual mental health services to enhance wellbeing and address psychopathology during COVID-19. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6), em254. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/8316.
  54. Tešić, D., Blagojević, D., & Lukić, A. (2020). Bringing “smart” into cities to fight pandemics: With the reference to the COVID-19. Zbornik Radova Departmana Za Geografiju, Turizam I Hotelijerstvo, 49–1, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.5937/zbdght2001099t.
  55. Troisi, O., Kashef, M., & Visvizi, A. (2022). Managing safety and security in the Smart City: COVID-19, emergencies and smart surveillance. In Springer eBooks (pp. 73–88). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93585-6_5.
  56. Ullah, A., Pinglu, C., Ullah, S., Abbas, H. S. M., & Khan, S. (2020). The role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting sustainable development: A comparative study of China and Pakistan. Chinese Political Science Review, 6(1), 86–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-020-00167-w.
  57. Vázquez, J. L., Lanero, A., Gutiérrez, P. R., & Sahelices, C. (2018). The Contribution of Smart Cities to Quality of Life from the View of Citizens. In Applying quality of life research (pp. 55–66). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71014-3_3.
  58. Von Seidlein, L., Alabaster, G., Deen, J. & Knudsen. J. (2021). Crowding has consequences: Prevention and management of COVID-19 in informal urban settlements, Building and Environment, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107472.
  59. Wang, W., Sun, L., Liu, T., & Lai, T. (2021). The use of E-health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in China’s Hubei province. Health Sociology Review, 31(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2021.1941184.
  60. Wolf, S., Weber, M. & Hurtienne, J. (2023). Virtual Tourism, Real Experience: A Motive Oriented Approach to Virtual Tourism. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’23), April 23–28, 2023, Hamburg, Germany. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585594.
  61. Woyo, E., & Ukpabi, D. C. (2022). Building resilient smart Cities for sustainable urban tourism in Africa Post-COVID-19 Pandemic. In Springer eBooks (pp. 256–267). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94751-4_23.
  62. Yang, S., & Chong, Z. (2021). Smart city projects against COVID-19: Quantitative evidence from China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102897.
  63. Yang, T., Pan, H., Zhang, X., Greenlee, A. & Brian, D. (2021). What determines city’s resilience against epidemic outbreak: evidence from China’s COVID-19 experience, Sustainable Cities and Society, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102892.
  64. Yasir, A., Hu, X., Ahmad, M., Rauf, A., Shi, J., & Nasir, S. A. (2020). Modeling Impact of Word of Mouth and E-Government on Online Social Presence during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multi-Mediation Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1708295.
  65. boudaghi, A., bagheri, M., Bahmani, S., shahryari, M., & Sadeghi Amroabadi, B. (2021). Interpretive structural modeling of strategies to increase the production of cooperatives in Khuzestan province during the corona outbreak. Community Development (Rural and Urban), 13(1), 147-171. doi: 10.22059/jrd.2021.324510.668654. [In Persian].
  66. Khorasani, N., khakpoor, B., & Kharazmi, O. (2022). Analyzing the impact of Covid-19 0utbreak on smart urban management: A case study on Mashhad Municipality. Urban Structure and Function Studies, 9(32), 35-60. doi: 10.22080/usfs.2022.22979.2226. [In Persian].
  67. Medghalchi, N., Bahrainy, H., & Rafieian, M. (2022). The Impact of Information and Communication Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic on Urban Studies: A Systematic Review. Motaleate Shahri, 11(44), 95-114. doi: 10.34785/J011.2022.657. [In Persian].
  68. Planning and Budget Office of Shiraz Municipality. (2016), Shiraz city neighborhood classification with a homogeneous and balanced development approach. [In Persian].
پژوهش‌های جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری
دوره 11، شماره 4
بهمن 1402
صفحه 257-277

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار